Single-Person Households: Insights from a Household Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Purchases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Probit Analysis
2.2. Data
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Probit Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Non-Fruit Purchasers | Fruit Purchasers | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Fruit portions | 0.000 | (0.000) | 2.295 | (2.260) | −2.218 *** |
Vegetable portions | 0.636 | (1.286) | 2.488 | (2.382) | −1.806 *** |
Head of Household Characteristics | |||||
Gender of head, 1 = male, 2 = female | 1.428 | (0.495) | 1.429 | (0.495) | 0.017 |
Age of head of household, years | 48.173 | (16.041) | 50.628 | (15.348) | −1.699 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.045 | (0.208) | 0.034 | (0.180) | 0.015 *** |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.085 | (0.279) | 0.076 | (0.265) | 0.018 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.146 | (0.353) | 0.154 | (0.361) | 0.005 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.444 | (0.497) | 0.456 | (0.498) | −0.017 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.280 | (0.449) | 0.281 | (0.449) | −0.020 * |
Food Shopper Characteristics | |||||
Gender of food shopper, male | 0.292 | (0.455) | 0.157 | (0.364) | 0.105 *** |
Gender of food shopper, female | 0.424 | (0.494) | 0.445 | (0.497) | −0.006 |
Gender of food shopper, combination | 0.284 | (0.451) | 0.398 | (0.489) | −0.099 *** |
Age of food shopper, years | 47.339 | (15.510) | 49.668 | (14.353) | −1.484 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.040 | (0.195) | 0.023 | (0.150) | 0.018 *** |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.086 | (0.280) | 0.077 | (0.267) | 0.019 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.164 | (0.370) | 0.199 | (0.399) | −0.012 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.466 | (0.499) | 0.462 | (0.499) | −0.015 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.245 | (0.430) | 0.239 | (0.427) | −0.010 |
Household Composition | |||||
Number of men | 1.221 | (1.001) | 1.573 | (1.031) | −0.304 *** |
Number of women | 1.308 | (0.934) | 1.488 | (0.997) | −0.166 *** |
Number of children | 0.583 | (0.906) | 0.700 | (0.959) | −0.106 *** |
Household Structure | |||||
Single-person | 0.295 | (0.456) | 0.133 | (0.340) | 0.137 *** |
Adults/seniors without children | 0.345 | (0.475) | 0.434 | (0.496) | −0.068 *** |
An adult/senior with children | 0.075 | (0.263) | 0.050 | (0.218) | 0.023 *** |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.285 | (0.451) | 0.382 | (0.486) | −0.092 *** |
Household Characteristics | |||||
High income | 0.182 | (0.386) | 0.235 | (0.424) | −0.054 *** |
Observations | 2926 | 12,085 | 15,011 |
Non-Veg Purchasers | Vegetable Purchasers | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Vegetable portions | 0.000 | (0.000) | 2.490 | (2.338) | −2.476 *** |
Fruit portions | 0.450 | (1.256) | 2.101 | (2.263) | −1.575 *** |
Head of Household Characteristics | |||||
Gender of head, 1 = man, 2 = female | 1.413 | (0.492) | 1.431 | (0.495) | −0.003 |
Age of head of household, years | 47.609 | (15.868) | 50.586 | (15.409) | −2.350 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.032 | (0.175) | 0.036 | (0.187) | −0.001 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.058 | (0.234) | 0.081 | (0.272) | −0.018 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.132 | (0.339) | 0.156 | (0.363) | −0.012 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.429 | (0.495) | 0.457 | (0.498) | −0.020 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.348 | (0.477) | 0.270 | (0.444) | 0.051 *** |
Food Shopper Characteristics | |||||
Gender food shopper, man | 0.344 | (0.475) | 0.156 | (0.363) | 0.149 *** |
Gender food shopper, woman | 0.408 | (0.492) | 0.446 | (0.497) | −0.029 * |
Gender food shopper, combination | 0.247 | (0.432) | 0.398 | (0.489) | −0.120 *** |
Age of food shopper, years | 47.072 | (15.444) | 49.585 | (14.431) | −1.831 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.030 | (0.171) | 0.025 | (0.158) | 0.007 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.063 | (0.243) | 0.081 | (0.273) | −0.012 |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.143 | (0.350) | 0.200 | (0.400) | −0.036 *** |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.447 | (0.497) | 0.465 | (0.499) | −0.019 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.317 | (0.465) | 0.228 | (0.420) | 0.060 *** |
Household Composition | |||||
Number of men | 1.125 | (0.983) | 1.569 | (1.030) | −0.371 *** |
Number of women | 1.243 | (0.904) | 1.489 | (0.997) | −0.207 *** |
Number of children | 0.528 | (0.860) | 0.703 | (0.962) | −0.134 *** |
Household Structure | |||||
Single-person | 0.348 | (0.476) | 0.134 | (0.340) | 0.179 *** |
Adults/seniors without children | 0.314 | (0.464) | 0.434 | (0.496) | −0.098 *** |
An adult/senior with children | 0.073 | (0.261) | 0.052 | (0.222) | 0.022 *** |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.265 | (0.441) | 0.380 | (0.485) | −0.102 *** |
Household Characteristics | |||||
High income | 0.208 | (0.406) | 0.228 | (0.420) | −0.022 * |
Observations | 2194 | 12,817 | 15,011 |
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Non-Fruit Purchasers | Fruit Purchasers | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | ||
Fruit portions | 0.000 | 2.295 | −2.218 *** |
Vegetable portions | 0.636 | 2.488 | −1.806 *** |
Head of Household Characteristics | |||
Gender of head, 1 = male, 2 = female | 1.428 | 1.429 | 0.017 |
Age of head of household, years | 48.173 | 50.628 | −1.699 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.015 *** |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.085 | 0.076 | 0.018 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.146 | 0.154 | 0.005 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.444 | 0.456 | −0.017 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.280 | 0.281 | −0.020 * |
Food Shopper Characteristics | |||
Gender of food shopper, male | 0.292 | 0.157 | 0.105 *** |
Gender of food shopper, female | 0.424 | 0.445 | −0.006 |
Gender of food shopper, combination | 0.284 | 0.398 | −0.099 *** |
Age of food shopper, years | 47.339 | 49.668 | −1.484 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.040 | 0.023 | 0.018 *** |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.086 | 0.077 | 0.019 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.164 | 0.199 | −0.012 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.466 | 0.462 | −0.015 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.245 | 0.239 | −0.010 |
Household Composition | |||
Number of men | 1.221 | 1.573 | −0.304 *** |
Number of women | 1.308 | 1.488 | −0.166 *** |
Number of children | 0.583 | 0.700 | −0.106 *** |
Household Structure | |||
Single-person | 0.295 | 0.133 | 0.137 *** |
Adults/seniors without children | 0.345 | 0.434 | −0.068 *** |
An adult/senior with children | 0.075 | 0.050 | 0.023 *** |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.285 | 0.382 | −0.092 *** |
Household Characteristics | |||
High income | 0.182 | 0.235 | −0.054 *** |
Observations | 2926 | 12,085 | 15,011 |
Non-Veg Purchasers | Vegetable Purchasers | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | ||
Vegetable portions | 0.000 | 2.490 | −2.476 *** |
Fruit portions | 0.450 | 2.101 | −1.575 *** |
Head of Household Characteristics | |||
Gender of head, 1 = male, 2 = female | 1.413 | 1.431 | −0.003 |
Age of head of household, years | 47.609 | 50.586 | −2.350 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.032 | 0.036 | −0.001 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.058 | 0.081 | −0.018 ** |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.132 | 0.156 | −0.012 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.429 | 0.457 | −0.020 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.348 | 0.270 | 0.051 *** |
Food Shopper Characteristics | |||
Gender of food shopper, male | 0.344 | 0.156 | 0.149 *** |
Gender of food shopper, female | 0.408 | 0.446 | −0.029 * |
Gender of food shopper, combination | 0.247 | 0.398 | −0.120 *** |
Age of food shopper, years | 47.072 | 49.585 | −1.831 *** |
Education, less than 4 years | 0.030 | 0.025 | 0.007 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.063 | 0.081 | −0.012 |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.143 | 0.200 | −0.036 *** |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.447 | 0.465 | −0.019 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.317 | 0.228 | 0.060 *** |
Household Composition | |||
Number of men | 1.125 | 1.569 | −0.371 *** |
Number of women | 1.243 | 1.489 | −0.207 *** |
Number of children | 0.528 | 0.703 | −0.134 *** |
Household Structure | |||
Single-person | 0.348 | 0.134 | 0.179 *** |
Adults/seniors without children | 0.314 | 0.434 | −0.098 *** |
An adult/senior with children | 0.073 | 0.052 | 0.022 *** |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.265 | 0.380 | −0.102 *** |
Household Characteristics | |||
High income | 0.208 | 0.228 | −0.022 * |
Observations | 2194 | 12,817 | 15,011 |
Variable | EPFVII (2011–2012) | EPFVIII (2016–2017) | EPFIX (2021–2022) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | SD | Effect | SD | Effect | SD | |
Head of Household Characteristics | ||||||
Gender of head, 1 = male, 2 = female | −0.027 ** | 0.010 | −0.025 ** | 0.009 | −0.023 ** | 0.009 |
Age of head of household, years | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 *** | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Education, 4–8 years | −0.043 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.026 | −0.005 | 0.026 |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.040 | 0.027 | 0.008 | 0.027 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.010 | 0.028 | 0.042 | 0.029 | 0.035 | 0.028 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.041 | 0.031 |
Food Shopper Characteristics | ||||||
Gender of food shopper, female | 0.046 *** | 0.013 | 0.054 *** | 0.012 | 0.068 *** | 0.013 |
Gender of food shopper, combination | 0.043 ** | 0.016 | 0.071 *** | 0.012 | 0.071 *** | 0.012 |
Age of food shopper | 0.004 *** | 0.001 | 0.002 ** | 0.001 | 0.002 ** | 0.001 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.077 * | 0.035 | −0.008 | 0.030 | 0.041 | 0.030 |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.092 ** | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.031 | 0.077 * | 0.032 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.138 *** | 0.035 | 0.066 * | 0.032 | 0.075 * | 0.034 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.181 *** | 0.039 | 0.135 *** | 0.035 | 0.093 * | 0.037 |
Household Composition | ||||||
Number of men | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.045 *** | 0.005 | 0.034 *** | 0.005 |
Number of women | −0.002 | 0.006 | 0.020 *** | 0.005 | 0.019 *** | 0.005 |
Number of children | 0.015 | 0.008 | −0.038 *** | 0.008 | −0.028 *** | 0.008 |
Household Structure | ||||||
Adults/seniors without children | 0.126 *** | 0.019 | 0.086 *** | 0.015 | 0.080 *** | 0.014 |
An adult/senior with children | 0.073 ** | 0.028 | 0.101 *** | 0.022 | 0.076 *** | 0.019 |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.157 *** | 0.023 | 0.125 *** | 0.018 | 0.107 *** | 0.018 |
Household Characteristics | ||||||
High income | 0.045 *** | 0.013 | 0.040 *** | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.010 |
Observations | 10,431 | 15,183 | 15,009 |
Variable | EPFVII (2011–2012) | EPFVIII (2016–2017) | EPFIX (2021–2022) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | SD | Effect | SD | Effect | SD | |
Head of Household Characteristics | ||||||
Gender of head, 1 = male, 2 = female | 0.002 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0.007 | −0.015 | 0.008 |
Age of head of household, years | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 * | 0.000 |
Education, 4–8 years | −0.024 | 0.017 | −0.018 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.021 |
Education, 8–12 years | −0.017 | 0.016 | −0.013 | 0.017 | −0.023 | 0.023 |
Education, 12–16 years | −0.007 | 0.015 | −0.038 * | 0.018 | −0.013 | 0.024 |
Education, more than 16 years | −0.005 | 0.018 | −0.033 | 0.021 | −0.021 | 0.027 |
Food Shopper Characteristics | ||||||
Gender of food shopper, female | 0.024 ** | 0.008 | 0.043 *** | 0.009 | 0.083 *** | 0.013 |
Gender of food shopper, combination | 0.031 *** | 0.009 | 0.046 *** | 0.009 | 0.090 *** | 0.012 |
Age of food shopper | 0.001 ** | 0.000 | 0.001** | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Education, 4–8 years | 0.020 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.023 | 0.029 |
Education, 8–12 years | 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.047 | 0.028 | 0.053 | 0.030 |
Education, 12–16 years | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.065 * | 0.029 | 0.048 | 0.032 |
Education, more than 16 years | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.071 * | 0.031 | 0.038 | 0.034 |
Household Composition | ||||||
Number of men | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.031 *** | 0.004 | 0.028 *** | 0.005 |
Number of women | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.018 *** | 0.004 | 0.020 *** | 0.005 |
Number of children | 0.016 ** | 0.005 | −0.018 ** | 0.006 | −0.024 *** | 0.007 |
Household Structure | ||||||
Adults/seniors without children | 0.099 *** | 0.015 | 0.085 *** | 0.012 | 0.079 *** | 0.013 |
An adult/senior with children | 0.067 ** | 0.021 | 0.060 *** | 0.017 | 0.071 *** | 0.017 |
Adults/seniors with children | 0.104 *** | 0.018 | 0.100 *** | 0.015 | 0.090 *** | 0.016 |
Household Characteristics | ||||||
High income | −0.005 | 0.007 | −0.013 | 0.007 | −0.002 | 0.008 |
Observations | 10,431 | 15,183 | 15,009 |
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Silva, A.; Rivera, M.; Durán-Agüero, S.; Sactic, M.I. Single-Person Households: Insights from a Household Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Purchases. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172851
Silva A, Rivera M, Durán-Agüero S, Sactic MI. Single-Person Households: Insights from a Household Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Purchases. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172851
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Andres, Maripaz Rivera, Samuel Durán-Agüero, and Maria Isabel Sactic. 2024. "Single-Person Households: Insights from a Household Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Purchases" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172851