Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Maternal and Infant Factors Associated with Milk Production
3.3. Maternal and Infant Factors Associated with the Likelihood of Low Milk Production
3.4. Maternal Breast Volume Growth and Body Mass Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breast Volume of One Breast (cm3) | Australian Bra Size | US Bra Size |
---|---|---|
180 | 8A, 10AA | 30A, 32AA |
240 | 8B, 10A, 12AA | 30B, 32A, 34AA |
310 | 8C, 10B, 12A | 30C, 32B, 34A |
390 | 8D, 10C, 12B, 14A | 30D, 32C, 34B, 36A |
480 | 8DD/E, 10D, 12C, 14B, 16A | 30E, 32D, 34C, 36B, 38A |
590 | 8F, 10DD/E, 12D, 14C, 16B, 18A | 30F, 32E, 34D, 36C, 38B, 40A |
710 | 10F, 12DD/E, 14D, 16C, 18B | 32F, 34E, 36D, 38C, 40B |
850 | 10G, 12F, 14DD/E, 16D, 18C, 20B | 32G, 34F, 36E, 38D, 40C, 42B |
1000 | 10H, 12G, 14F, 16DD/E, 18D, 20C | 32H, 34G, 36F, 38E, 40D, 42C |
1180 | 12H, 14G, 16F, 18DD/E, 20D | 34H, 36G, 38F, 40E, 42D |
1370 | 12I, 14H, 16G, 18F, 20DD/E | 34I, 36H, 38G, 40F, 42E |
1580 | 14I, 16H, 18G, 20F, 22DD/E | 36I, 38H, 40G, 42F, 44E |
1810 | 14J, 16I, 18H, 20G, 22F | 36J, 38I, 40H, 42G, 44F |
2060 | 16J, 18I, 20H, 22G | 38J, 40I, 42H, 44G |
Characteristics | Mean ± SD (Range, n) or Number (%) |
---|---|
Birth gestation (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.1 (37–43, 609) |
Infant age at MP measurement (months) | 2.9 ± 1.2 (1–6, 609) |
MP (mL/24 h) | 718 ± 237 (48–1682, 609) |
Milk removal frequency (times/24 h) | 13.4 ± 4.9 (2–40, 609) |
Breastfeeding frequency (times/24 h) | 11.1 ± 4.6 (0–32, 609) |
Milk expression frequency (times/24 h) | 2.3 ± 3.8 (0–20, 609) |
Maternal age (years) | 33.3 ± 4.4 (20.6–48.2, 605) |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 5.6 (16.9–64.5, 487) |
Pre-pregnancy BV (cm3) | 554 ± 244 (180–2060, 609) |
Postpartum BV (cm3) | 745 ± 274 (240–2060, 609) |
ΔBV (cm3) | 192 ± 136 (−230–730, 609) |
Parity: primiparous | 373 (61.3%) |
Birth mode: vaginal | 380 (63.8%) |
Infant sex: male | 312 (51.4%) |
Infant birth weight (g) | 3443 ± 449 (2510–5045, 598) |
Characteristics | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value † | Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value † | |
Maternal age (years) | −6.977 | −11.221, −2.734 | 0.001 | −7.770 | −12.519, −3.020 | 0.001 |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | −5.321 | −9.042, −1.601 | 0.005 | −8.416 | −13.613, −3.218 | 0.002 |
Pre-pregnancy BV (cm3) | −0.064 | −0.141, 0.014 | 0.107 | 0.100 | −0.015, 0.216 | 0.088 |
Postpartum BV (cm3) | −0.022 | −0.091, 0.047 | 0.531 | - | - | - |
ΔBV (cm3) | 0.115 | −0.023, 0.253 | 0.104 | 0.168 | 0.019, 0.316 | 0.027 |
Breastfeeding frequency (times/24 h) | −1.702 | −5.827, 2.423 | 0.418 | - | - | - |
Milk expression frequency (times/24 h) | 5.508 | 0.525, 10.490 | 0.030 | - | - | - |
Milk removal frequency (times/24 h) | 1.803 | −2.067, 5.673 | 0.361 | - | - | - |
Infant birth weight (g) | 0.014 | −0.027, 0.056 | 0.497 | - | - | - |
Infant sex (Female vs. Male) | −50.490 | −88.066, −12.918 | 0.009 | −35.067 | −76.048, 5.914 | 0.093 |
Birth mode (Vaginal vs. C-section) | −22.420 | −61.645, 16.801 | 0.262 | −45.108 | −88.499, −1.717 | 0.042 |
Parity (Primiparous vs. Multiparous) | 19.960 | −18.788, 58.703 | 0.312 | - | - | - |
Characteristics | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value † | OR | 95% CI | p-Value † | |
Maternal age (years) | 1.054 | 1.013, 1.097 | 0.010 | 1.056 | 1.007, 1.107 | 0.024 |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 1.073 | 1.035, 1.111 | <0.001 | 1.117 | 1.060, 1.177 | <0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BV (cm3) | 1.001 | 1.000, 1.001 | 0.145 | 0.999 | 0.997, 1.000 | 0.014 |
Postpartum BV (cm3) | 1.000 | 1.000, 1.001 | 0.733 | - | - | - |
ΔBV (cm3) | 0.999 | 0.997, 1.000 | 0.054 | 0.998 | 0.997, 1.000 | 0.036 |
Breastfeeding frequency (times/24 h) | 0.955 | 0.918, 0.994 | 0.023 | 0.958 | 0.917, 1.001 | 0.058 |
Milk expression frequency (times/24 h) | 1.042 | 0.995, 1.088 | 0.081 | - | - | - |
Milk removal frequency (times/24 h) | 0.985 | 0.949, 1.023 | 0.435 | - | - | - |
Infant birth weight (g) | 1.000 | 1.000, 1.000 | 0.975 | - | - | - |
Infant sex (Female vs. male) | 1.063 | 0.745, 1.516 | 0.735 | - | - | - |
Birth mode (Vaginal vs. C-section) | 0.895 | 0.619, 1.294 | 0.555 | - | - | - |
Parity (Primiparous vs. Multiparous) | 0.682 | 0.476, 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.731 | 0.479, 1.117 | 0.147 |
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Jin, X.; Lai, C.T.; Perrella, S.L.; McEachran, J.L.; Gridneva, Z.; Geddes, D.T. Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172854
Jin X, Lai CT, Perrella SL, McEachran JL, Gridneva Z, Geddes DT. Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172854
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Xuehua, Ching Tat Lai, Sharon L. Perrella, Jacki L. McEachran, Zoya Gridneva, and Donna T. Geddes. 2024. "Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172854