Body Size Measurements Grouped Independently of Common Clinical Measures of Metabolic Health: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Demographics
2.3. Metabolic Health Measures
2.4. Body Size Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.2. Item Total Correlations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | NCT04014296 1 | NCT04745572 1 | NCT04392284 1 | NCT03832933 [14] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Purpose | To compare the separate and combined effects of a high-protein diet and resistance training on retention of fat-free mass during weight loss in older adults. | To compare a high and reduced carbohydrate diet with or without individual counseling for time-restricted eating or exercise. | To investigate the feasibility of an adaptive biobehavioral intervention for improving insulin sensitivity among patients with Stage 1 obesity. | To compare a high-protein diet with ≥4 weekly servings of lean beef and a normal-protein diet without any red meat for weight loss, body composition changes, and glucose control in individuals with T2D. |
Study design | SMART | SMART | SMART | RT |
Original study N | 89 | 83 | 40 | 106 |
n for present analysis | 52 | 53 | 40 | 104 |
Age | ≥50 years old | 18–75 years old | 18–65 years old | ≥18 years old |
BMI | ≥30 kg/m2 | 27 kg/m2 | ≥27 kg/m2 | ≥27 kg/m2 |
Main inclusion criteria | Must be postmenopausal if female (≥1 year since last menstrual period). | Must have prediabetes (A1c ≥ 5.7% and/or fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL). | Must have one or more mild-to-moderate obesity-related complication such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. | Must have a diagnosis of T2D within the previous 6 years by either a documented physician diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medication, or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. |
Additional criteria | Participants could not have a pacemaker or other battery-operated implant, no use or stable use (≥3 months on same dosage) of medications affecting body weight, and were not taking insulin. | Participants could not have a pacemaker or other battery-operated implant, no use or stable use (≥3 months on same dosage) of medications affecting body weight, and were not taking insulin. | Participants could not have a pacemaker or other battery-operated implant, no use or stable use (≥3 months on same dosage) of medications affecting body weight, and were not taking insulin. | No use or stable use (≥3 months on same dosage) of medications affecting body weight and were not taking insulin. |
Characteristic | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present Study | NCT04014296 | NCT04745572 | NCT04392284 | NCT03832933 [14] | |
Age (years) | 55.7 ± 11.3 | 62.0 ± 7.3 | 52.9 ± 12.7 | 53.1 ± 12.2 | 54.8 ± 10.9 |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 123 (49.2) | 31 (59.6) | 16 (30.2) | 10 (25.0) | 66 (63.5) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 111 (44.6) | 19 (36.5) | 34 (64.2) | 29 (72.5) | 29 (27.9) |
Asian | 6 (2.4) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.5) | 4 (3.8) | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | |||
Other | 8 (3.2) | 2 (3.8) | 2 (3.8) | 4 (3.8) | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 63 (25.3) | 23 (44.2) | 8 (15.1) | 7 (17.5) | 25 (24.0) |
Female | 186 (74.7) | 29 (55.8) | 45 (84.9) | 33 (82.5) | 79 (76.0) |
Height (cm) | 166.9 ± 9.1 | 170.1 ± 9.9 | 164.3 ± 7.1 | 166.4 ± 9.7 | |
Weight (kg) | 107.8 ± 23.1 | 111.8 ± 19.5 | 108.6 ± 24.9 | 106.0 ± 28.2 | 106.1 ± 21.7 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 38.5 ± 6.7 | 38.5 ± 5.0 | 39.6 ± 7.6 | 37.6 ± 8.0 | 38.3 ± 6.4 |
25th percentile | 33.4 | 34.2 | 33.9 | 30.5 | 33.3 |
50th percentile | 37.3 | 38.2 | 39.4 | 35.2 | 37.0 |
75th percentile | 43.3 | 41.9 | 44.1 | 43.3 | 43.2 |
WC (cm) | 117.8 ± 15.3 | 121.7 ± 13.1 | 118.4 ± 17.6 | 114.4 ± 18.8 | 117.0 ± 13.3 |
n = 249 | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
SBP | 134.3 | 15.4 |
DBP | 85.2 | 9.7 |
A1c | 6.4 | 1.1 |
HDL-C | 49.7 | 13.4 |
LDL-C | 103.1 | 34.8 |
TC | 172.7 | 39.9 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 38.5 | 6.7 |
BF% | 45.8 | 9.0 |
WC (cm) | 117.8 | 15.3 |
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.528 |
Approx. Chi-Square | 781.805 |
df | 15 |
Sig. | <0.001 |
Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
SBP | .864 | ||
DBP | .643 | ||
LDL | .991 | ||
TC | .916 | ||
BMI | .805 | ||
WC | .974 |
Factor | Corrected Item/Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|
LDL-C | 0.91 | 0.95 |
TC | ||
BMI | 0.79 | 0.74 |
WC | ||
SBP | 0.56 | 0.67 |
DBP |
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Ellison, K.M.; El Zein, A.; Reynolds, C.; Ehrlicher, S.E.; Clina, J.G.; Chui, T.-K.; Smith, K.A.; Hill, J.O.; Wyatt, H.R.; Sayer, R.D. Body Size Measurements Grouped Independently of Common Clinical Measures of Metabolic Health: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172874
Ellison KM, El Zein A, Reynolds C, Ehrlicher SE, Clina JG, Chui T-K, Smith KA, Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Sayer RD. Body Size Measurements Grouped Independently of Common Clinical Measures of Metabolic Health: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172874
Chicago/Turabian StyleEllison, Katie M., Aseel El Zein, Chelsi Reynolds, Sarah E. Ehrlicher, Julianne G. Clina, Tsz-Kiu Chui, Kimberly A. Smith, James O. Hill, Holly R. Wyatt, and R. Drew Sayer. 2024. "Body Size Measurements Grouped Independently of Common Clinical Measures of Metabolic Health: An Exploratory Factor Analysis" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172874