Beneficial Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Microvascular Responses in Young Men May Be Dependent on Ethnicity and Lifestyle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Procedures
2.2. Experimental Protocols
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Group 1
3.1.1. Cutaneous Circulation
3.1.2. Forearm Circulation
3.2. Group 2
3.2.1. Reactive Hyperaemia in Cutaneous Circulation
3.2.2. Effect of Chocolate and NOS Inhibition on ACh-Evoked Responses
4. Discussion
4.1. Reactive Hyperaemia in the Forearm
4.2. Forearm Vascular Response in Acute Mental Stress
4.3. Reactive Hyperaemia in Forearm Cutaneous Circulation
4.4. ACh-Evoked Cutaneous Vasodilatation
4.5. Limitations of Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WEs | SAs | All | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.0 ± 0.63 | 21.6 ± 2.4 | 21.30 ± 1.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.30 ± 3.05 | 27.1 ± 4.1 | 25.70 ± 3.9 |
Alcohol intake (units/week) | 9.8 ± 6.18 | 1.0 ± 2.0 | 5.40 ± 2.12 |
Caffeine (cups/day) | 0.50 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 1.26 | 0.75 ± 0.3 |
Fruit/vegetable consumption (portions/day) | 2.83 ± 1.16 | 2.44 ± 0.84 | 2.61 ± 1.04 |
Oily fish portions/week | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.9 |
Physical Activity level (score/week) * | 8.30 ± 5.17 | 9.0 ± 6.51 | 8.65 ± 5.88 |
Parent/s with hypertension (number) | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Parent/s with T2D (number) | 3 | 3 |
Variable | Control | After Chocolate | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
SBP (mmHg) | 122.0 ± 10.7 | 120.9 ± 7.1 | 0.638 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.5 ± 6.2 | 69.6 ± 7.2 | 0.155 |
MABP (mmHg) | 88.3 ± 6.4 | 86.7 ± 5.5 | 0.126 |
HR (beats/min) | 66.9 ± 8.49 | 69.02 ± 10.1 | 0.380 |
cRCF (PU) | 23.33 ± 9.87 | 26.01 ± 3.53 | 0.645 |
FBF (mL·100 g−1·min−1) | 4.45 ± 1.92 | 4.33 ± 1.02 | 0.835 |
FVC (AU) | 0.061 ± 0.021 | 0.057 ± 0.012 | 0.622 |
WEs | SAs | All | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.0 ± 0.6 | 20.8 ± 0.4 | 20.9 ± 1.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 0.8 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 22.5 ± 1.6 |
Alcohol intake (units/week) | 11.8 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 2.6 | 10.8 ± 5.8 |
Caffeine (cups/day) | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 1.9 |
Fruit/vegetable (portions/ day) | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 2.0 |
Oily fish portions /week | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 2.1 |
Physical Activity (MET min/week) * | 3042 ± 321 | 2579. ± 293 | 2811 ± 2094 |
Parent/s with hypertension (n) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Parent/s with T2D (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Variable | Control | After Chocolate | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
SBP (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 7.8 | 119.3 ± 7.5 | 0.138 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.5 ± 5.4 | 74.1 ± 4.5 | 0.355 |
MABP (mmHg) | 91.7 ± 5.7 | 89.0 ± 6.3 | 0.126 |
HR (beats/min) | 77.4 ± 6.5 | 73.4 ± 6.4 | 0.680 |
RCF (PU) | 14.33 ± 7.87 | 11.7 ± 6.25 | 0.445 |
FBF (mL·100 g−1·min−1) | 6.75 ± 2.42 | 6.33 ± 2.42 | 0.435 |
FVC (AU) | 0.092 ± 0.031 | 0.084 ± 0.027 | 0.822 |
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Latif, H.M.; Richardson, S.R.; Marshall, J.M. Beneficial Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Microvascular Responses in Young Men May Be Dependent on Ethnicity and Lifestyle. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172911
Latif HM, Richardson SR, Marshall JM. Beneficial Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Microvascular Responses in Young Men May Be Dependent on Ethnicity and Lifestyle. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172911
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatif, Hassan M., Sophie R. Richardson, and Janice M. Marshall. 2024. "Beneficial Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Microvascular Responses in Young Men May Be Dependent on Ethnicity and Lifestyle" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172911