Systems Approach to Investigate the Role of Fruit and Vegetable Types on Vascular Function in Pre-Hypertensive Participants: Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomised Crossover Dietary Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Objectives
2.2. Trial Design and Ethical Approvals
2.3. Participant Eligibility
2.4. Participant Recruitment
2.5. Dietary Intervention
2.6. Dietary Adherence
2.7. Intervention Randomisation and Allocation
2.8. Study Measures
2.8.1. Vascular Function Measurements
2.8.2. Anthropometry and Body Composition Assessment
2.8.3. Cognitive Function Test
2.8.4. Questionnaire Data
2.8.5. Assessment of Habitual Dietary Intake
2.8.6. Sample Collection
2.9. Laboratory Analysis
2.10. Monitoring
2.11. Sample Size Calculation
2.12. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment Response Rates
3.2. Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Participants
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Positive Responses, n (%) | Response Rate 1, % | Screening Visits, n | Screening Visit Completion Rate 2, % | Eligible Participants, n | Enrolled Participants, n | Enrolment Rate 2, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Re-contact pre-selected participants cohort studies | 244 (73.9) | 14.1 | 95 | 38.9 | 53 | 36 | 14.8 |
Airwave study | 125 (37.9) | 9.2 | 33 | 26.4 | 25 | 19 | 15.2 |
Fenland study | 119 (36.1) | 32.2 | 62 | 52.1 | 28 | 17 | 14.3 |
Advertisement | 86 (26.1) | NA | 14 | 16.3 | 5 | 3 | 3.5 |
CRF volunteer database | 68 (20.6) | 10 | 14.7 | 4 | 2 | 2.9 | |
Poster/advertisement | 18 (5.5) | 4 | 22.2 | 1 | 1 | 5.6 | |
Total | 330 | 109 | 33.0 | 58 | 39 | 11.8 |
Total (n = 39) | Males (n = 26) | Females (n = 13) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 54.4 ± 6.1 | 53.0 ± 5.3 | 57.2 ± 7.0 |
Age range, y | 41–65 | 42–61 | 41–65 |
Male, n (%) | 26 (67) | 26 (100) | 13 (0) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
White | 34 (87) | 22 (85) | 12 (92) |
Black Caribbean | 3 (8) | 3 (11) | 0 (0) |
Other | 2 (5) | 1 (4) | 1 (8) |
Blood pressure, mmHg | |||
Systolic | 135.1 ± 6.8 | 135.9 ± 7.1 | 133.6 ± 6.2 |
Diastolic | 81.0 ± 6.8 | 80.9 ± 7.0 | 81.0 ± 6.8 |
Heart rate, bpm | 69.6 ± 12.6 | 67.7 ± 12.3 | 73.2 ± 13.0 |
Blood pressure category 2, n (%) | |||
Normal | 11 (28) | 7 (27) | 4 (31) |
High-normal | 16 (41) | 10 (38) | 6 (46) |
Stage 1 hypertension | 12 (31) | 9 (34) | 3 (23) |
Anthropometrics | |||
BMI 3, kg/m−2 | 27.9 ± 3.2 | 28.0 ± 3.3 | 27.7 ± 3.2 |
Waist circumference, cm | 96.9 ± 9.5 | 99.7 ± 9.2 | 91.3 ± 7.5 |
Hip circumference, cm | 107.0 ± 6.0 | 106.6 ± 6.0 | 107.6 ± 6.3 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.05 |
Body fat, % | 27.4 ± 6.8 | 24.3 ± 5.2 | 33.6 ± 5.3 |
Basic Metabolic Rate, kcal | 1803 ± 304 | 1965 ± 212 | 1481 ± 172 |
BMI categories 4, n (%) | |||
Healthy weight | 7 (18) | 5 (19) | 2 (15) |
Overweight | 21 (54) | 13 (50) | 8 (62) |
Obese | 11 (28) | 8 (31) | 3 (23) |
Central obesity 5, n (%) | 19 (49) | 9 (35) | 10 (77) |
Physical activity, median (IQR) | |||
Total activity, MET-min/week 6 | 3546 (1308–7148) | 4167 (1661–7289) | 3210 (981–4320) |
Sitting time, hrs/day | 5.4 (4.4–9.7) | 5.0 (4.2–9.6) | 7.6 (5.0–10.0) |
Physical activity level 6, n (%) | |||
High | 21 (60) | 15 (63) | 6 (55) |
Moderate | 12 (34) | 8 (33) | 4 (36) |
Low | 2 (6) | 1 (4) | 1 (9) |
Educational level, n (%) | |||
College or university degree | 16 (41) | 9 (35) | 7 (54) |
O levels/GCSEs | 12 (31) | 6 (23) | 0 (0) |
A levels | 6 (15) | 10 (38) | 2 (15) |
Other | 5 (13) | 1 (4) | 4 (31) |
Employment, n (%) | |||
(Self-) employed | 30 (77) | 20 (77) | 10 (77) |
Retired | 9 (23) | 6 (23) | 3 (23) |
Smoking status 7, n (%) | |||
Never smoked | 26 (67) | 17 (65) | 9 (69) |
Past smoker | 11 (28) | 8 (31) | 3 (23) |
Missing | 2 (5) | 1( 4) | 1 (8) |
Alcohol consumer, n (%) | 33 (85) | 24 (92) | 9 (69) |
Special diet, n (%) | 8 (21) | 5 (19) | 3 (23) |
Low fat | 4 (10) | 1 (4) | 3 (23) |
Diary free | 2 (5) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) |
Other | 2 (5) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) |
Total (n = 33) | Males (n = 22) | Females (n = 11) | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy, kcal | 2035 (1762–2462) | 2144 (1937–2669) | 1777 (1350–2060) |
Carbohydrates, en % | 51.0 (47.3–53.6) | 50.3 (44.8–53.6) | 52.5 (48.7–55.3) |
Mono- and disaccharides, en % | 18.7 (14.3–21.6) | 17.7 (14.3–20.4) | 21.5 (14.7–23.2) |
Fibre, g/1000 kcal | 10.9 (9.2–12.4) | 10.7 (8.8–11.7) | 11.6 (9.3–12.9) |
Alcohol, en % | 0 (0–2.8) | 0 (0–5.4) | 0 (0–2.8) |
Protein, en % | 16.4 (13.5–19.5) | 16.5 (13.8–20.0) | 14.4 (13.1–17.9) |
Fat, en % | 34.1 (29.6–38.7) | 34.3 (28.9–38.5) | 33.4 (30.2–39.9) |
Monounsaturated fat | 12.5 (11.1–13.7) | 12.9 (11.1–13.7) | 12.5 (2.8–11.8) |
Polyunsaturated fat | 5.7 (4.4–6.4) | 5.6 (4.4–6.3) | 5.8 (4.4–7.4) |
Saturated fat | 12.1 (10.7–15.2) | 12.2 (11.0–15.0) | 11.6 (10.1–16.0) |
Fruit, g/d | 116 (62–220) | 127 (60–222) | 90 (62–220) |
Vegetables, g/d | 159 (97–179) | 155 (110–179) | 159 (83–179) |
Meat, g/d | 96 (55–158) | 139 (76–167) | 55 (46–106) |
Fish and shellfish, g/d | 1 (0–42) | 13 (0–46) | 0 (0–42) |
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Oude Griep, L.M.; Frost, G.; Holmes, E.; Wareham, N.J.; Elliott, P. Systems Approach to Investigate the Role of Fruit and Vegetable Types on Vascular Function in Pre-Hypertensive Participants: Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomised Crossover Dietary Intervention. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172923
Oude Griep LM, Frost G, Holmes E, Wareham NJ, Elliott P. Systems Approach to Investigate the Role of Fruit and Vegetable Types on Vascular Function in Pre-Hypertensive Participants: Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomised Crossover Dietary Intervention. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172923
Chicago/Turabian StyleOude Griep, Linda M., Gary Frost, Elaine Holmes, Nicholas J. Wareham, and Paul Elliott. 2024. "Systems Approach to Investigate the Role of Fruit and Vegetable Types on Vascular Function in Pre-Hypertensive Participants: Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomised Crossover Dietary Intervention" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172923