Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Inulin Structure and Properties
1.2. Sources of Inulin
1.3. Study Aim
2. Materials and Methods
3. Study Characteristics
4. Inulin Effect on Human Metabolic Health
4.1. Physiological Effects of Inulin
4.2. Link between Microbiota Modulation and Physiological Effects Produced by Inulin Supplementation
5. Effect of Inulin Combinations with Other Compounds on Human Metabolic Health
5.1. Effects of Inulin Combinations with Other Compounds on Human Metabolic Health
5.2. Link between Microbiota Modulation and Physiological Effects
6. Effect of Inulin Intake on Other Diseases
7. Mechanisms of Action
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Type | Inulin Source | Intervention Group | Control Group | Population | Age | Sample Size (Male/Female) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized, controlled trial | Beneo-Orafti HP, Kreglinger Europe, Antwerpen, Belgium | Inulin-propionate ester | Inulin and Cellulose | English adults with overweight and obesity | 18–65 | 12 (3/9) | [9] |
Clinical trial | Oligofructose-inulin (Synergy1; BENEO GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) | Oligofructose-inulin | Maltodextrin placebo | Canadian healthy children with overweight and obesity | 7–12 | 38 | [10] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Extracted inulin powder from Thai Jerusalem artichoke | Extracted inulin powder | Isocaloric maltodextrin | Thai children with obesity | 7–15 | 165 | [11] |
Randomized, controlled, cross-over study | Not available | Inulin-propionate ester | Inulin and Cellulose | English adults with excess of weight | 40–65 | 155 | [12] |
Double-blind, randomized, cross-over intervention study | Chicory-derived inulin (Orafti inulin) | Chicory-derived inulin | Maltodextrin | German healthy men and women having constipation | 20–75 | 54 (33/11) | [13] |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial | 50/50 mixture of oligofructose and inulin; Orafti® Synergy1, Beneo GmbH, Germany) | Inulin-type fructans | Maltodextrin | Norwegian patients with type 2 diabetes | 63.1 (mean) | 25 (10/15) | [14] |
Randomized, double-blind, cross-over design | Chicory inulin (Frutafit supplied by Imperial Suiker-Unie, Sugar Land, TX, USA; produced by Sensus, Roosendaal, The Netherlands) | Low-fiber diet with chicory inulin | Low-fiber control diet | U.S. healthy human subjects | 27–49 | 12 (12/0) | [15] |
Four-arm parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | Orafti P95, DP 3–9, average DP 4; BENEO-Orafti | OF + maltodextrin/FL | Maltodextrin + FL | U.K. healthy adults | 18–50 | 92 (30/62) | [16] |
Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial performed in obese individuals | Extracted from chicory root, Cosucra, Pecq, Belgium | Inulin and inulin + PA | Maltodextrin and Maltodextrin + PA | Belgian obesity-related metabolic disorder adults | 18–65 | 59 | [17] |
Randomized, controlled trial | >85% fructo-oligosaccharides; average chain length: seven monomers; Sensus, Roosendaal, The Netherlands | Green tea + Inulin beverage | Placebo beverage | Taiwanese adults with excess of weight | 20–50 | 30 | [18] |
Randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial | Synergy 1, namely, inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix, Orafti, Oreye, Belgium | Inulin + oligofructose 50/50 | Maltodextrin | Belgian women with obesity | 18–65 | 30 (0/30) | [19] |
Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial | Not available | Inulin snack | Control snack | Canadian healthy adults | 18–65 | 48 (22/28) | [20] |
Randomized, controlled, cross-over trial | BIOAGAVE agave inulin fiber; Ingredion Incorporated | Inulin-containing chews | control chews | U.S. healthy adults | 18–65 | 29 | [21] |
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial | Orafti® Synergy 1, Beneo, Tienen, Belgium | Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Maltodextrin | Polish children with celiac disease | 4–18 | 34 (13/21) | [22] |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel intervention | Fibruline® Instant, Cosucra Group Warcoing, Warcoing, Belgium | Inulin + maltodextrin | Maltodextrin | Danish adults with obesity or excess of weight | 18–60 | 86 (31/54) | [23] |
Randomized, single-blind, multicentric, placebo-controlled trial | Extracted from chicory root, Cosucra, Belgium | Inulin | Maltodextrin | Belgian adults with obesity | 18–65 | 110 | [24] |
Randomized, controlled clinical trial | Not available | Inulin | Maltodextrin | Female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | >18 | 49 (0/49) | [25] |
Multicentric, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Extracted from chicory root, Cosucra, Belgium | Inulin | Maltodextrin | Belgian patients with obesity | >18 | 24 | [26] |
Cross-over randomized, controlled trial | Not available | Inulin | Glucose | Spanish patients with excess of weight | 18–65 | 25 (12/13) | [27] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study | Orafti® Synergy1–50:50 inulin to fructo-oligosaccharide mix; Beneo GmbH | Inulin-type fructan | Maltodextrin | New Zealand healthy adults | 19–65 | 33 (13/20) | [28] |
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study | FrutafitTEX!, Sensus, Roosendaal, The Netherlands | Chicory long-chain inulin | Glucose | Caucasian old patients | 55–80 | 26 (18/8) | [29] |
Interventional prospective controlled study | Not available | Low-protein diet and inulin | Low-protein diet | Italian patients with chronic kidney disease | 18–80 | 41 (25/16) | [30] |
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study | Bayer BioScience GmbH, Hermannswerder, Potsdam, Germany | VLCI | Maltodextrin | UK healthy adults | 20–42 | 31 | [31] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study | Orafti Synergy, Beneo, Belgium | Inulin | Maltodextrin | U. S. individuals undergoing HD | 55 (mean) | 12 (6/6) | [32] |
Randomized, double-blind, cross-over design | Fibruline Instant; Cosucra Group Warcoing | Inulin | Maltodextrin | Swiss healthy adult women | 18–40 | 32 (0/32) | [33] |
Randomized, controlled trial | Chicory root | Inulin | Baseline | U. S. healthy young adults | 17–29 | 174 | [34] |
Randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial | Chicory root | Inulin | Baseline | Iranian type 2 diabetic women | 20–65 | 49 (0/49) | [35] |
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, intervention study | Chicory root | Inulin and oligofructose (50/50) | Maltodextrin | Belgian women with obesity | 18–65 | 30 (0/30) | [36] |
Randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial | Quantum High-Tech Biologicals Co. Ltd., Jiangmen, China | Inulin | Baseline | Chinese healthy adults | 18–65 | 57 (22/35) | [37] |
Randomized, controlled trial | Not available | Inulin | Baseline | Czechs Patients with type 2 diabetes | 18–65 | 27 | [38] |
Randomized, controlled trial | Chicory root | Inulin and Arabinoxylan (50/50) | Maltodextrin | U.K. healthy adult men | 19–55 | 20 | [39] |
Prospective single-arm study | Inulin Biosciences Company, Wuhan, China | Inulin | Baseline | Chinese adult patients with prediabetes | 37–69 | 49 (16/39) | [40] |
Three-arm parallel, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study | Jerusalem artichoke | Inulin + fruit juice | Fruit juice | U.K. healthy adults | 18–55 | 66 (33/33) | [41] |
Simple randomized intervention study | Frutafit® IQ, Roosendaal, The Netherlands | Inulin | Baseline | Kuwaiti adult women with obesity | 18–65 | 12 | [42] |
RCT | Not available | Inulin + pomegranate juice | Pomegranate juice | Chinese adults with obesity | 18–65 | 67 (33/34) | [43] |
Randomized, controlled trial | Jerusalem artichoke | Inulin | Maltodextrin | Thai children with obesity | 7–15 | 143 | [44] |
Source | Effect on Gut Microbiota | Effect on Metabolic Disturbances and SCFAs | Dose (g/d) | Time (Weeks) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicory | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes Decrease: Bilophila No effect: Akkermansia, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus | None | 12 | 4 | [13] |
Chicory | Increase: Total anaerobes, Lactobacillus Decrease: None No effect: Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae | None | 20 | 6 | [15] |
Chicory | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, B. angulatum Decrease: Clostridium sensu stricto No effect: B. adolescentis, B. bifidum | Increase: Plasma AST levels Decrease: Body weight, BMI, liver stiffness, TC No effect: None | 16 | 12 | [17] |
Chicory | Increase: B. bifidum, B. longum B. adolescentis, Catenibacterium Decrease: Desulfovibrio, Roseburia, No effect: None | Increase: Insulin HOMA-IR, HOMA-ISI Decrease: Body weight, BMI No effect: HDL-C, LDL-C, HOMA-IR, TGs, TC, SBP, DBP | 16 | 12 | [24] |
Chicory | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, Catenibacterium Decrease: Actinomyces, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae No effect: None | Increase: Linolenic acid Decrease: None No effect: SCFAs, body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG | 16 | 12 | [26] |
Chicory | Increase: B. angulatum, B. ruminantium, B. adolescentis Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: SCFAs | 8 | 9 | [29] |
Chicory | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: Butyrate, propionate, acetate | 10 or 15 | 13 | [32] |
Chicory | Increase: Bifidobacterium Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: Lactate Decrease: Fecal pH No effect: Butyrate, propionate, fumarate, acetate, iron absorption | 20 | 4 | [33] |
Chicory | Increase: B. longum, B. adolescentis, Anaerostipes hadrus Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: Total SCFA Decrease: None No effect: None | 20 | 4 | [34] |
Chicory | Increase: A. hadrus, B. faecale, Bacteroides caccae Decrease: Ruminococcus faecis, Blautia obeum, Blautia faecis No effect: None | Increase: Insulin sensitivity, IL-10 Decrease: Fasting insulin, IL-8 No effect: SCFAs, body weight, food intake | 20 | 6 | [9] |
Jerusalem artichoke | None | Increase: FFMI Decrease: BMI-z, FMI, LDL-C No effect: TC, HDL-C, TGs, FPG, SBP | 13 | 24 | [11] |
Agave | Increase: B. adolescentis, B. breve, B. longum, B. pseudolongum Decrease: Desulfovibrio, Lachnobacterium *, Ruminococcus * No effect: B. animalis, B. bifidum, Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: Propionate, butyrate, acetate | 5 or 7 * | 12 | [21] |
Global artichoke | Increase: Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli–enterococci Decrease: Bacteroides–Prevotella No effect: Escherichia coli, Eubacterium rectale–Clostridium coccoides group, Ruminococcus | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: SCFAs | 10 | 6 | [31] |
Not available | None | Increase: HDL-C Decrease: Serum insulin, TC, TGs No effect: | 19 | 24 | [30] |
Not available | None | Increase: None Decrease: FBS, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, TNF-α No effect: None | 10 | 8 | [25] |
Not available | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Cellulomonas, Nesterenkonia *, Brevibacterium * Decrease: Ruminococcus, Dorea No effect: Lachnospira, Oscillospira | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: SCFAs | 3 or 7 * | 12 | [20] |
Not available | None | Increase: None Decrease: BMI, body weight, fasting glucose, HbA1c, No effect: Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR | 10 | 8 | [35] |
Not available | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Decrease: Ruminococcus No effect: None | Increase: Butyrate, propionate Decrease: None No effect: Acetate | 10 | 16 | [37] |
Not available | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, Anaerostipes Decrease: Bacteroides No effect: None | Increase: Insulin sensitivity, butyrate, propionate Decrease: None No effect: Acetate | 10 | 12 | [38] |
Not available | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Anaerostipes Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: TGs Decrease: HDL-c, LDL-c No effect: None | 15 | 24 | [40] |
Not available | None | Increase: None Decrease: Body weight, BMI No effect: None | 21 | 6 | [42] |
Jerusalem artichoke | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: Acetate, butyrate, propionate | 13 | 24 | [44] |
Combination | Effect on Gut Microbiota | Effect on Metabolic Disturbancesand SCFAs | Dose (g/d) | Time (Weeks) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inulin–propionate ester | Increase: Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides xylanisolvens Decrease: Blautia obeum, Eubacterium ruminantium, A. hadrus, B. faecale, Prevotella copri No effect: Bifidobacterium | Increase: Insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue insulin resistance Decrease: Fasting insulin No effect: SCFAs, body weight, food intake | 20 | 6 | [9] |
Inulin–propionate ester | None | Increase: PYY and GLP-1 Decrease: IHCL, Weight gain, intra-abdominal adipose tissue distribution No effect: None | 10 | 24 | [12] |
Glucose + inulin | None | Increase: Acetate, propionate, and butyrate Decrease: None No effect: GLP-1, PYY, Grhelin | 99 | 3 | [27] |
Catechins + inulin | None | Increase: None Decrease: Body weight, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, No effect: Waist, hip, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGs, TC | 534 mg catechins + 11.7 g inulin | 3 | [18] |
Inulin + maltodextrin | Increase: Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium Decrease: Bilophila, Ruminococcus No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: Insulin, SBP, DBP, white blood cells No effect: BMI, body weight, fat mass, waist, hip, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGs | 20 | 12 | [23] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Increase: Bifidobacterium Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: Acetate, propionate, valerate Decrease: None No effect: Isovalerate, isobutyrate, butyrate | 10 | 12 | [22] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Decrease: Coprococcus, Dorea, Ruminococcus No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: SCFAs | 16 | 3 | [28] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Decrease: Bacteroides intestinalis, B vulgatus No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: BMI, body weight, waist/hip ratio, HbA1c, fasting glycemia, insulinemia, TC, HDL-C or LDL-C, and TG | 16 | 12 | [36] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Increase: B. adolescentis, B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: Acetate, butyrate No effect: Isobutyrate and isovalerate | 16 | 12 | [19] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Increase: B. adolescentis, B. longum, Bacteriodes vulgatus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Decrease: Roseburia sp., Eubacterium eligens, B. bifidum, Anaerostipes butyraticus No effect: Actinomyces | Increase: None Decrease: Body weight No effect: BMI, hist, waist, IL-6, HOMA-IR, insulin, | 8 | 16 | [10] |
Inulin + Arabinoxylan | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium Decrease: None No effect: None | Increase: Acetate Decrease: None No effect: Butyrate, propionate | 8 | 12 | [39] |
Inulin + fruit juice | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus Decrease: Eubacterium No effect: None | None | 10 | 3 | [41] |
Inulin + pomegranate | Increase: Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Decrease: Lachnospira, Klebsiella No effect: None | Increase: None Decrease: None No effect: Body weight, BMI | 10 | 3 | [43] |
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Alonso-Allende, J.; Milagro, F.I.; Aranaz, P. Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935
Alonso-Allende J, Milagro FI, Aranaz P. Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlonso-Allende, Jaime, Fermín I. Milagro, and Paula Aranaz. 2024. "Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935