Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Affect Cognition and Neurogenesis in Adult C57Bl/6 Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Protocol
2.1.1. Animals and Study Design
2.1.2. Diet
2.1.3. BrdU Administration
2.1.4. Tissue Preparation
2.1.5. Immunofluorescence
2.1.6. Imaging and Quantification
2.2. Behavioral Tests
2.2.1. Open Field Test
2.2.2. Temporal Order Recognition Test (TOR)
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Vitamin D Deficiency Did Not Alter the Weight of Both Male and Female Mice
3.2. Vitamin D Deficiency and Supplementation Had No Effect on Motor, Cognitive, or Affective Functions in Male or Female Mice
3.2.1. Vitamin D Did Not Affect Anxiety-like Behavior or Locomotion in Male or Female C57Bl/6 Mice
3.2.2. Vitamin D Did Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Memory on the TOR in Male or Female C57Bl/6 Mice
3.3. Vitamin D Deficiency Did Not Alter Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
3.4. Vitamin D Affected Microglial Morphology in the DG of Female Mice Only, but Did Not Affect Astrocytes
4. Discussion
4.1. 25(OH)D Serum Levels Indicate Deficiency According to the EFSA Guidelines
4.2. No Effect of Vitamin D on Proliferation, Differentiation, or Behavioral Measures
4.3. Sex-Specific Mircoglial Differences Due to Vitamin D Manipulation
4.4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Doumit, M.; El-Mallah, C.; El-Makkawi, A.; Obeid, O.; Kobeissy, F.; Darwish, H.; Abou-Kheir, W. Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Affect Cognition and Neurogenesis in Adult C57Bl/6 Mice. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172938
Doumit M, El-Mallah C, El-Makkawi A, Obeid O, Kobeissy F, Darwish H, Abou-Kheir W. Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Affect Cognition and Neurogenesis in Adult C57Bl/6 Mice. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172938
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoumit, Mark, Carla El-Mallah, Alaa El-Makkawi, Omar Obeid, Firas Kobeissy, Hala Darwish, and Wassim Abou-Kheir. 2024. "Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Affect Cognition and Neurogenesis in Adult C57Bl/6 Mice" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172938