Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
History and Traditional Uses of Chios Mastic Gum
2. Evidence for the Utility of Chios Mastic Gum in the Treatment and Management of Cardiometabolic Disease
2.1. Human Studies
2.2. Animal Studies
2.3. Proposed Mechanisms of Action from In Vitro and In Silico Studies
3. Critique and Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fractions | Compound Names |
---|---|
Essential oil | Tricyclene, α-pinene, camphene, verbenene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, 2-methylanisole, p-cymeme, limonene, trans-linool oxide, α-campholene aldehyde, trans-pinocarveol, trans-verbenol, pinocamphone, pinocarvone, p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol, myrtenal, myrtenol, verbenone, β-carophyllene, α-caryophyllene, carophyllene oxide |
Polymer | cis-1,4-poly-β-myrcene |
Triterpene | Oleanonic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanonic aldehyde, oleanolic aldehyde, moronic acid, 28-nor-oleanone, 28-nor-aleanole, 28-hydroxy-β-amyrone, β-amyrine, β-amyrone, germanicol, lupeol, betulonal, lup-20(29)-ene-3-one, 3-oxo-28-norlup-20(29)-ene, 24Z-masticadienonic acid, 24Z-isomasticadienonic acid, 24Z-masticadienolic acid, 24Z-isomasticadienolic acid, mastichadienonal, isomastichadienolal, tirucallol, dammaradienone, mastichinonic acid, butyrospermol, 20(S)-3β-acetoxy-20-hydroxydammar-24-ene, dipterocarpol, 3β-hydroxymalabarica-14(26),17E,21-triene, 3-oxomalabarica-14(26),17E,21-triene, (8R)-3β,8-dihydroxy-polypoda-13E,177E,21-triene, (8R)-3-oxo-8-hydroxypolypoda-13E,17E,21-treiene |
Reference | Population | Duration and Design | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|
Gioxari [53] | Participants with metabolic disorders (n = 94) | 3 months: CMG EO (adjunct metabolic disease treatment) vs. control | Treatment group: ↓ TG, LDL, oxLDL, SBP, ALT, AST, GGT, weight, BMI, % body fat and visceral fat, and ↑ adiponectin |
Fukazawa [51] | Healthy male Japanese (n = 21) | 6 months: 3 groups (control, CMG, and CMG + PA) | At 3 months, CMG and CMG + PA: ↓ TG; at 3 and 6 months, CMG + PA ↓ insulin and HOMA-IR; at 6 months CMG ↓ insulin and HOMA-IR |
Triantafyllou [50] | Healthy volunteers (n = 133) | 18 months high dose vs. 12 months low dose | High dose: ↓ TC, LDL, TC/LDL ratio, lipoprotein (a) apolipoprotein B |
Kanoni [57] | Obese individuals with NAFLD (n = 98) | 6 months: CMG or placebo | Patients with BMI > 35 kg/m 2 had higher total antioxidant status; CMG–gene interactions were observed with cytokines and antioxidant biomarkers |
Amerikanou [56] | Patients with NAFLD and obesity (n = 98) | 6 months: CMG or placebo | ↓ inflammatory markers and liver inflammation fibrosis score only in patients with BMI > 35 kg/m2; improved microbiota and lipid metabolite profiles |
Kartalis [52] | Individuals with TC > 200 mg/dL (n = 156) | 8 weeks: 4 groups (placebo, total mastic, polymer-free mastic, and powder mastic) | In total mastic group only: ↓ TC, fasting blood glucose (the effect was stronger with BMI > 25 kg/m2) |
Kontogiannis [61] | n = 27 individuals, n = 13 with high blood pressure | Allocated to CMG or placebo. Analysis taken one week apart. | In hypertensive patients, ↓ a/pSBP, pPP; downregulation of the proteostatic and NOx2 pro-oxidant pathway |
Reference | Animal Model | Duration and Design | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|
Georgiadis [63] | Streptozotocin induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice and controls (n = 27) | 8 weeks: 3 groups (control, low-dose mastic, high-dose mastic) | Low-dose mastic group: ↓ glucose, TC, LDL, TG, and ↑ HDL; high dose exhibited ↓ TG; partially reversed hepatic steatosis in both groups |
Tzani [66] | 2K1C hypertensive rats and sham (n = 25) | 2 weeks: CMG treatment or control | When comparing 2K1C to 2K1C + CMG rats after CMG administration: ↓ SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure, renin, CRP, IL-6; improved heart biomechanical indices |
Vallianou [62] | Hyperlipidemic-induced and naïve rats (n = 18) | 24 h: 2.5%, 4%, 5%, or 7.5% CMG EO and CMG EO constituents | CMG EO administration in naïve rats resulted in ↓ TC, LDL, TG; CMG EO treatment in hyperlipidemic rats resulted in ↓ TC, LDL, TG; camphene in hyperlipidemic rats resulted in ↓ cholesterol, LDL, TG |
Kannt [65] | NASH-induced C57BL/6J mice and controls (n = 34) | 8 weeks: 3 groups (lean chow, DIO-NASH, DIO-NASH + CMG) | CMG supplementation led to ↓ ALT, liver TC, total lipids, fibrosis, histological NAFLD activity score; ↑ in gut microbiota diversity |
Andreadou [64] | Rabbits (n = 43) | 6 weeks: 6 groups (SFO controls, ME, and MN across normal-fed and cholesterol-enriched diets) | ME and MN both ↓ infarct size and ↓ MDA in normal-fed rabbits only, hypercholesterolemic rabbits had ↓ TC and LDL when treated with ME and MN |
Reference | Pathway/Mechanism Influenced | Outcomes |
---|---|---|
Loizou [67] | Adhesion molecules, monocytes, NF-κB | ↓ adhesion molecule expression, ↓ monocyte attachment, ↓ phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 |
Vallianou [62] | HMG-CoA ruled out | ↓ cholesterol, no HMG-CoA reductase activity |
Xanthis [68] | Cell migration, cytoprotection, antioxidant, NRF-2 | ↑ mRNA of antioxidant genes, ↑ cell viability on oxidative stressor exposure, ↑ wound closure |
Vuorinen [71] | GR | CMG triterpenoids inhibit 11β-HSD1 |
Peterson [69] | PPARγ | Oleanolic acid and other CMG subfractions exhibit PPARγ agonism |
Dedoussis [72] | Antioxidant (GSH), oxLDL (CD36) | Triterpenoids ↑ intracellular glutathione, ↓ CD36 mRNA, ↓ oxLDL |
Andrikopoulos [73] | oxLDL | ↓ oxLDL |
Kalousi [74] | GR, AMPKα, PEPCK, PPARα, NF-κΒ, apoptosis | ↓ cell viability and ↑ apoptosis, ↓ transcriptional activation and proteins of multiple metabolic sensors, ↓ inflammation |
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Blomquist, S.A.; Fernandez, M.L. Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2941. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172941
Blomquist SA, Fernandez ML. Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2941. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172941
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlomquist, Sarah A., and Maria Luz Fernandez. 2024. "Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2941. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172941