Food Neophobia and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake among Adults and Related Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Measurements
2.3. The FNS Questionnaire
2.4. The NIAS Questionnaire
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Results Concerning the NIAS and FNS Questionnaires
4. Discussion
5. Strengths of the Study and Limitations
6. Conclusions
7. Implications
7.1. Social Implications
7.2. Management Implications
7.3. Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Values for the Test Group | ||
---|---|---|
n = 309 | % = 100% | |
Gender: | ||
Woman | 186 | 60.2 |
Male | 123 | 39.8 |
Age (in years): | ||
18–30 | 140 | 45.3 |
31–43 | 76 | 24.6 |
44–56 | 64 | 20.7 |
57–69 | 22 | 7.1 |
70–77 | 7 | 2.3 |
Place of residence: | ||
Village | 29 | 9.4 |
City of less than 20,000 | 40 | 13.0 |
City between 20,000 and 100,000 | 78 | 25.2 |
City over 100,000 | 162 | 52.4 |
Education: | ||
Primary school | 1 | 0.3 |
Vocational Schools | 41 | 13.3 |
High school | 126 | 40.8 |
Bachelor’s degree | 54 | 17.5 |
Master’s degree | 87 | 28.2 |
Professional status: | ||
Unemployed | 9 | 2.9 |
Working | 188 | 60.8 |
Working pensioner | 2 | 0.7 |
Working student | 30 | 9.7 |
Student | 54 | 175 |
Pensioner | 26 | 8.5 |
Risk of ARFID | |||
---|---|---|---|
NIAS Subscales | Cut-Off Point Indicating ARFID Risk | n Respondents n = 309 | % of Respondents n = 309 |
NIAS–picky eating | >14 points | 47 | 15.2 |
NIAS–appetite | >13 points | 47 | 15.2 |
NIAS–fear | >14 points | 34 | 11.0 |
Risk of Food Neophobia | |||
Risk Assessment of Food Neophobia | Cut-Off Point Indicating the Risk of Food Neophobia | n Respondents n = 309 | % of Respondents n = 309 |
Low risk | <27 points | 131 | 42.4 |
Medium risk | 28–40 points | 118 | 38.2 |
High risk | >41 points | 60 | 19.4 |
Risk of FNS Neophobia | Number of NIAS Subscales Indicative of ARFID Risk * | p-Value Chi2 Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Subscale Indicating ARFID Risk | 1 Subscale Indicating ARFID Risk | 2 Subscale Indicating ARFID Risk | 3 Subscale Indicating ARFID Risk | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
low risk of neophobia n = 131 | 119 | 90.84 | 11 | 8.40 | 1 | 0.76 | 0 | 0.00 | p = 0.00231 |
medium risk of neophobia n = 118 | 88 | 74.58 | 26 | 22.03 | 4 | 3.39 | 0 | 0.00 | |
high risk of neophobia n = 60 | 17 | 28.33 | 19 | 31.67 | 10 | 16.67 | 14 | 23.33 | |
All respondents n = 309 | 224 | 72.49 | 56 | 18.12 | 15 | 4.85 | 14 | 4.53 |
Average ± SD NIAS | Median * NIAS | Min–Max NIAS | p-Value Mann–Whitney U Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: | ||||
Woman | 25.5 ± 10.0 | 24 | 9–60 | p = 0.943484 |
Male | 25.1 ± 8.2 | 23 | 9–60 | |
All respondents | 25.4 ± 9.3 | 23 | 9–51 | |
BMI categories: | ||||
Underweight | 30.7 ± 6.5 | 31.5 | 12–39 | p = 0.776814 |
Normal body weight | 24.9 ± 10.2 | 23 | 9–60 | |
Overweight | 25.2 ± 8.6 | 23 | 9–51 | |
Obesity | 25.2 ± 7.9 | 23.5 | 9–51 | |
Age (in years): | ||||
18–30 | 24.2 ± 8.5 | 23 | 9–51 | p = 0.147502 |
31–43 | 24.6 ± 9.7 | 22 | 9–51 | |
44–56 | 27.1 ± 10.2 | 25 | 9–60 | |
57–69 | 29.5 ± 9.3 | 26.5 | 18–51 | |
70–77 | 27.3 ± 5.9 | 29 | 18–34 | |
Place of residence: | ||||
Village | 29.1 ± 10.5 | 28 | 13–57 | p = 0.739512 |
City of less than 20 000 | 25.9 ± 8.2 | 26 | 9–45 | |
City between 20,000 and 100,000 | 25.1 ± 10.2 | 22 | 9–52 | |
City over 100,000 | 24.7 ± 8.8 | 23 | 9–60 | |
Education: | ||||
Vocation school | 29.3 ± 8.1 | 29 | 17–46 | p = 0.235516 |
Primary school | 29 ± 0 | 29 | 29 | |
High school | 25.4 ± 8.9 | 23 | 9–57 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 25.5 ± 9.7 | 23 | 9–51 | |
Master’s degree | 24.1 ± 9.8 | 22 | 9–60 | |
Professional status: | ||||
Unemployed | 32 ± 13.8 | 29 | 14–57 | p = 0.893850 |
Working | 24.7 ± 8.3 | 23 | 9–52 | |
Working pensioner | 17 ± 7.1 | 17 | 12–22 | |
Working Student | 24.7 ± 10.7 | 23 | 11–51 | |
Student | 24.3 ± 9.4 | 23 | 9–51 | |
Pensioner | 31.3 ± 10.7 | 29.5 | 18–60 | |
FNS | ||||
Low risk | 19.7 ± 5.7 | 20 | 9–37 | p = 0.000000 |
Medium risk | 25.8 ± 6.7 | 26 | 10–44 | |
High risk | 36.6 ± 9.5 | 35 | 18–60 |
FNS Scale Score | p-Value Mann–Whitney U test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average ± SD FNS | Median * FNS | Min–Max FNS | ||
Gender: | ||||
Woman | 32.1 ± 10.3 | 32 | 10–61 | p = 0.019482 |
Male | 30.6 ± 11.3 | 27 | 10–64 | |
All respondents | 31.5 ± 10.7 | 30 | 10–64 | |
BMI categories: | ||||
Underweight | 38.0 ± 11.2 | 34 | 28–63 | p = 0.403560 |
Normal body weight | 30.86 ± 10.8 | 29 | 10–63 | |
Overweight | 30.9 ± 9.8 | 29 | 10–58 | |
Obesity | 32.5 ± 11.5 | 30 | 13–64 | |
Age (in years): | ||||
18–30 | 29.3 ± 9.2 | 28.5 | 10–63 | p = 0.337740 |
31–43 | 31.6 ± 12.0 | 29 | 10–63 | |
44–56 | 34.0 ± 10.8 | 33 | 10–64 | |
57–69 | 37.09 ± 12.1 | 35.5 | 20–58 | |
70–77 | 32.8 ± 6.7 | 34 | 22–40 | |
Place of residence: | ||||
Village | 33.8 ± 12.7 | 29 | 13–63 | p = 0.650839 |
City of less than 20 000 | 30.2 ± 11.7 | 24 | 18–57 | |
City between 20,000 and 100,000 | 32.1 ± 10.7 | 30 | 11–64 | |
City over 100,000 | 31.0 ± 10.1 | 30 | 10–61 | |
Education: | ||||
Vocation school | 34.5 ± 12.0 | 32 | 13–64 | p = 0.773930 |
Primery school | 40.0 | 40 | 40 | |
High school | 31.3 ± 10.1 | 29 | 10–63 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 29.4 ± 9.8 | 27.5 | 10–57 | |
Master’s degree | 31.6 ± 11.2 | 30 | 10–61 | |
Professional status: | ||||
Unemployed | 37.6 ± 10.0 | 39 | 18–55 | p = 0.563368 |
Working | 30.9 ± 10.6 | 29 | 10–64 | |
Working pensioner | 24.0 ± 1.4 | 24 | 23–25 | |
Working Student | 29.9 ± 10.4 | 27.5 | 16–58 | |
Student | 29.7 ± 9.7 | 28 | 10–63 | |
Pensioner | 40.3 ± 11.2 | 40 | 22–61 |
Low Risk of Neophobia | Medium Risk of Neophobia | High Risk of Neophobia | p-Value Chi2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 131 | % | n = 118 | % | n = 60 | % | |||
The number of foods that respondents do not eat | Some | 110 | 83.97 | 78 | 66.10 | 35 | 58.33 | p = 0.0325 |
Several | 17 | 12.98 | 35 | 29.66 | 19 | 31.67 | ||
Dozens | 4 | 3.05 | 5 | 4.24 | 6 | 10.00 | ||
Willingness to eat food prepared by a third party | Not | 5 | 3.82 | 8 | 6.78 | 21 | 35.00 | p = 0.0063 |
I have no opinion | 4 | 3.05 | 5 | 4.24 | 2 | 3.33 | ||
Yes | 122 | 93.13 | 105 | 88.98 | 37 | 61.67 | ||
Has your willingness to eat your favorite food enhanced with a product you have never eaten before? | Not | 10 | 7.63 | 11 | 9.32 | 34 | 56.67 | p = 0.000 |
I have no opinion | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 5.93 | 3 | 5.00 | ||
Yes | 121 | 92.37 | 100 | 84.75 | 23 | 38.33 | ||
The sensation evoked by the consumption of a product/food that respondents were not familiar with | I have no problem eating a new meal or product | 101 | 77.10 | 54 | 45.76 | 8 | 13.33 | p = 0.000 |
Uncertainty | 14 | 10.69 | 36 | 30.51 | 20 | 33.33 | ||
Disgust | 5 | 3.82 | 5 | 4.24 | 17 | 28.33 | ||
Anxiety | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 3.39 | 1 | 1.67 | ||
Horror (e.g., at the appearance. smell of a particular food) | 10 | 7.63 | 10 | 8.47 | 4 | 6.67 | ||
Stress | 1 | 0.76 | 9 | 7.63 | 10 | 16.67 |
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Białek-Dratwa, A.; Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, W.; Kiciak, A.; Wardyniec, A.; Grajek, M.; Aktaç, Ş.; Çelik, Z.M.; Sabuncular, G.; İslamoğlu, A.H.; Kowalski, O. Food Neophobia and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake among Adults and Related Factors. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172952
Białek-Dratwa A, Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kiciak A, Wardyniec A, Grajek M, Aktaç Ş, Çelik ZM, Sabuncular G, İslamoğlu AH, Kowalski O. Food Neophobia and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake among Adults and Related Factors. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172952
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiałek-Dratwa, Agnieszka, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Agata Kiciak, Aleksandra Wardyniec, Mateusz Grajek, Şule Aktaç, Zehra Margot Çelik, Güleren Sabuncular, Ayşe Hümeyra İslamoğlu, and Oskar Kowalski. 2024. "Food Neophobia and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake among Adults and Related Factors" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172952