Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show Fewer Sex-Related Differences in Their Dietary Behavior Than the General Population: A Qualitative Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Setting
Control Group
2.2. Study Variables and Definitions
2.2.1. Dietary Behavior
2.2.2. Mediterranean Diet Score
2.2.3. Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks
2.2.4. Food Groups of the German Nutrition Society
2.2.5. Food Frequency Questionnaire Variables and Macronutrients
2.3. Data Sources/Measurement
2.3.1. Questionnaires
2.3.2. Laboratory Values
2.4. Study Size
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Missing Data
2.5.2. Sampling Strategy
2.5.3. Bias
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Main Results
3.2.1. IBD Cohort Versus DEGS1 Cohort
Macronutrient Intake—Mean Daily Amount
Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks—Mean Daily Amount
3.2.2. DGE Food Groups—Mean Daily Consumption
Fruits and Vegetables
Juices
Legumes and Pulses
Nuts and Seeds
Potato Products
Butter and Margarine
Dairy Products
Fish
Meat and Poultry
Cold Cuts
Eggs
Cereal Products and Rice
3.3. IBD: Sex-Related Trends and Differences in Correlation with Disease Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (n = 42) | Women (n = 40) | psex | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Entity [n (%)] | CD | 19 (45.2%) | 25 (62.5%) | 0.234 |
UC | 23 (54.8%) | 15 (37.5%) | 0.233 | |
Disease duration [median (IQR)] (years) | 9 [5, 17] | 8 [4, 16] | 0.781 | |
HBI [mean (SD)] | 6.11 [5.92] | 7.84 [5.93] | 0.393 | |
SCCAI [mean (SD)] | 5.7 [5.05] | 3.73 [4.68] | 0.404 | |
Location of Crohn’s | L1: Ileal | 0 (0%) | 2 (8%) | 0.828 |
L2: Colonic | 2 (10.5%) | 3 (12%) | 0.999 | |
L3: Ileocolonic | 12 (63.2%) | 12 (48%) | 0.999 | |
L4: Upper GI | 5 (26.3%) | 8 (32%) | 0.999 | |
Crohn’s behavior | B1: Inflammatory | 5 (26.3%) | 11 (44%) | 0.681 |
B2: Stricturing | 10 (52.6%) | 10 (40%) | 0.999 | |
B3: Penetrating | 4 (21.1%) | 4 (16%) | 0.999 | |
UC Montreal classification | E1: Proctitis | 2 (8.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0.999 |
E2: Left-sided colitis | 12 (52.2%) | 4 (26.7%) | 0.358 | |
E3: Pancolitis | 9 (39.1%) | 10 (66.7%) | 0.999 | |
BMI [median (IQR)] (kg/m2) | 25.70 [23.08, 29.08] | 23.15 [20.90, 25.60] | 0.066 | |
Age [median (IQR)] (years) | 36.50 [27.75, 49.25] | 33 [24.50, 47.25] | 0.492 | |
Smoker [n (%)]: | yes | 38 (90.5%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.999 |
no | 4 (9.5%) | 35 (87.5%) | 0.999 | |
Calprotectin [median (IQR)] (mg/L) | 1081 [233, 1880] | 1020 [269, 1556] | 0.588 | |
C-reactive protein [median (IQR)] (mg/L) | 2.95 [1.08, 11.03] | 2.80 [0.90, 10.48] | 0.300 | |
Hemoglobin [median (IQR)] (g/dL) | 14.10 [11.90, 14.95] | 12.65 [12.10, 13.60] | 0.164 | |
Leucocytes [median (IQR)] (Tsd/µL) | 8.10 [6.15, 11.20] | 8.10 [6.50, 10.93] | 0.741 | |
Vitamin D3 25-OH [median (IQR)] (µg/L) | 21.83 [13.80, 27.80] | 22.22 [13.50, 30.95] | 0.870 |
IBD Cohort | DEGS1-Cohort | IBD vs DEGS1 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients—Mean Daily Amount | Sex | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | pt-Test(twosided) | d |
Energy (kJ) | Men | 42 | 9358 | 7658, 11,058 | 0.205 | 0.3 | 168 | 10,506 | 9763, 11,249 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.184 | −0.2 |
Women | 40 | 8102 | 7082, 9122 | 160 | 7572 | 7125, 8019 | 0.307 | 0.2 | |||||
Protein (g) | Men | 42 | 93 | 72.90, 113.0 | 0.181 | 0.3 | 168 | 95 | 87.83, 101.7 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.864 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 78 | 67.89, 87.95 | 160 | 68 | 64.31, 72.31 | 0.044 | 0.4 | |||||
Protein (%EN) | Men | 42 | 16 | 15.43, 17.48 | 0.689 | −0.1 | 168 | 16 | 15.15, 16.14 | 0.731 | 0.0 | 0.154 | 0.2 |
Women | 40 | 17 | 15.46, 18.11 | 160 | 16 | 15.22, 16.33 | 0.121 | 0.3 | |||||
Fat (g) | Men | 42 | 78 | 59.95, 95.32 | 0.169 | 0.3 | 168 | 81 | 74.98, 87.19 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.649 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 64 | 54.30, 73.32 | 160 | 57 | 52.66, 60.77 | 0.135 | 0.3 | |||||
Fat (%EN) | Men | 42 | 30 | 27.65, 31.72 | 0.764 | 0.1 | 168 | 29 | 27.71, 29.74 | 0.214 | 0.1 | 0.400 | 0.1 |
Women | 40 | 29 | 27.07, 31.42 | 160 | 28 | 26.72, 28.87 | 0.234 | 0.2 | |||||
Carbohydrates (g) | Men | 42 | 272 | 224.8, 318.4 | 0.466 | 0.2 | 168 | 323 | 296.1, 349.9 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.084 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 250 | 212.8, 286.8 | 160 | 242 | 224.2, 259.1 | 0.682 | 0.1 | |||||
Carbohydrates (%EN) | Men | 42 | 50 | 47.73, 53.25 | 0.497 | −0.2 | 168 | 52 | 50.17, 52.96 | 0.040 | −0.2 | 0.494 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 52 | 48.80, 54.97 | 160 | 54 | 52.23, 55.04 | 0.281 | −0.2 | |||||
Fiber (g) | Men | 42 | 21 | 15.70, 26.04 | 0.361 | 0.2 | 168 | 21 | 19.51, 23.08 | 0.093 | 0.2 | 0.847 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 18 | 15.14, 21.15 | 160 | 19 | 17.61, 20.85 | 0.546 | −0.1 | |||||
Fiber (%EN) | Men | 42 | 2 | 1.551, 2.098 | 0.708 | −0.1 | 168 | 2 | 1.590, 1.817 | <0.001 | −0.5 | 0.367 | 0.2 |
Women | 40 | 2 | 1.635, 2.155 | 160 | 2 | 1.943, 2.190 | 0.224 | −0.2 | |||||
Sugar (g) | Men | 42 | 127 | 98.83, 155.6 | 0.883 | 0.0 | 168 | 159 | 140.1, 178.5 | 0.006 | 0.3 | 0.123 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 130 | 97.47, 163.3 | 160 | 126 | 112.8, 139.6 | 0.790 | 0.0 | |||||
Cellulose (mg) | Men | 42 | 3631 | 2671, 4591 | 0.609 | 0.1 | 168 | 3056 | 2802, 3310 | 0.124 | −0.2 | 0.249 | 0.3 |
Women | 40 | 3322 | 2587, 4057 | 160 | 3367 | 3057, 3676 | 0.901 | 0.0 | |||||
Lignin (mg) | Men | 42 | 875 | 604.4, 1145 | 0.354 | 0.2 | 168 | 724 | 647.6, 801.0 | 0.268 | −0.1 | 0.286 | 0.3 |
Women | 40 | 733 | 589.1, 877.4 | 160 | 794 | 696.2, 891.2 | 0.566 | −0.1 | |||||
Soluble fats (mg) | Men | 42 | 6401 | 4799, 8003 | 0.308 | 0.2 | 168 | 6803 | 6247, 7359 | 0.014 | 0.3 | 0.559 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 5479 | 4632, 6326 | 160 | 5868 | 5372, 6364 | 0.476 | −0.1 | |||||
Insoluble fats (mg) | Men | 42 | 14,189 | 10,654, 17,724 | 0.386 | 0.2 | 168 | 14,426 | 13,225, 15,627 | 0.138 | 0.2 | 0.899 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 12,390 | 10,188, 14,592 | 160 | 13,185 | 12,064, 14,306 | 0.529 | −0.1 | |||||
Tyrosine (mg) | Men | 42 | 3408 | 2665, 4152 | 0.206 | 0.3 | 168 | 3482 | 3208, 3757 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.825 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 2871 | 2458, 3283 | 160 | 2535 | 2370, 2699 | 0.087 | 0.3 | |||||
Tryptophan (mg) | Men | 42 | 1098 | 861.5, 1335 | 0.193 | 0.3 | 168 | 1115 | 1032, 1198 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.894 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 924 | 800.7, 1048 | 160 | 795 | 748.5, 842.5 | 0.024 | 0.4 | |||||
Saturated fats (mg) | Men | 42 | 35,011 | 27,309, 42,713 | 0.231 | 0.3 | 168 | 37,108 | 34,092, 40,123 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.561 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 29,386 | 24,128, 34,643 | 160 | 26,320 | 24,183, 28,457 | 0.226 | 0.2 | |||||
Short-chain fatty acids (mg) | Men | 42 | 1586 | 1248, 1924 | 0.356 | 0.2 | 168 | 1607 | 1428, 1786 | 0.002 | 0.3 | 0.915 | 0.0 |
Women | 40 | 1373 | 1060, 1687 | 160 | 1244 | 1105, 1383 | 0.422 | 0.1 | |||||
Medium-chain fatty acids (mg) | Men | 42 | 1488 | 1170, 1805 | 0.419 | 0.2 | 168 | 1544 | 1378, 1709 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.762 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 1307 | 989.7, 1624 | 160 | 1101 | 999.6, 1203 | 0.219 | 0.3 | |||||
Long-chain fatty acids (mg) | Men | 42 | 67,875 | 52,087, 83,664 | 0.148 | 0.3 | 168 | 71,743 | 66,309, 77,177 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.567 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 54,917 | 46,519, 63,316 | 160 | 49,630 | 46,035, 53,224 | 0.208 | 0.2 | |||||
Omega-3 fatty acids (mg) | Men | 42 | 1955 | 1287, 2622 | 0.513 | 0.1 | 168 | 1792 | 1658, 1927 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.633 | 0.1 |
Women | 40 | 1701 | 1320, 2082 | 160 | 1380 | 1236, 1524 | 0.065 | 0.3 | |||||
Omega-6 fatty acids (mg) | Men | 42 | 10,755 | 8355, 13,155 | 0.134 | 0.3 | 168 | 11,047 | 10,265, 11,829 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.816 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 8742 | 7551, 9933 | 160 | 7550 | 7043, 8056 | 0.045 | 0.4 |
IBD Cohort | DEGS1-Cohort | IBD vs DEGS1 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks—Mean Daily Amount | Sex | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | pt-Test(twosided) | d |
UPFD (g) | Men | 41 | 871 | 510.7, 1232 | 0.397 | 0.2 | 150 | 968 | 792.7, 1143 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.619 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 664 | 328.9, 999.0 | 143 | 522 | 389.9, 654.0 | 0.356 | 0.2 | |||||
UPFD (kJ) | Men | 41 | 3179 | 2421, 3938 | 0.170 | 0.3 | 148 | 3884 | 3452, 4317 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.127 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 2514 | 1914, 3115 | 143 | 2447 | 2166, 2728 | 0.830 | 0.0 | |||||
UPD (g) | Men | 42 | 685 | 338.1, 1032 | 0.483 | 0.2 | 156 | 838 | 654.7, 1020 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.445 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 518 | 191.4, 845.4 | 152 | 366 | 244.2, 487.3 | 0.381 | 0.2 | |||||
UPD (kJ) | Men | 42 | 987 | 535.0, 1440 | 0.233 | 0.3 | 156 | 1266 | 1008, 1523 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.316 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 647 | 301.5, 991.7 | 152 | 504 | 377.8, 629.4 | 0.436 | 0.2 | |||||
UPF (g) | Men | 41 | 172 | 131.8, 212.9 | 0.262 | 0.3 | 158 | 207 | 187.9, 226.7 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.111 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 146 | 120.3, 170.8 | 150 | 148 | 134.1, 162.0 | 0.867 | 0.0 | |||||
UPF (kJ) | Men | 41 | 2172 | 1614, 2729 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 156 | 2683 | 2416, 2950 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.089 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 1867 | 1479, 2256 | 150 | 1924 | 1709, 2139 | 0.404 | 0.0 |
IBD Cohort | DEGS1-Cohort | IBD vs DEGS1 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DGE Food Groups (g/d) | Sex | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | n | Mean | 95% CI | pt-Test(twosided) | d | pt-Test(twosided) | d | |
Fruits and vegetables | Fresh Vegetables | Men | 42 | 65.29 | 27.41, 103.2 | 0.224 | 0.3 | 168 | 56.47 | 44.85, 68.09 | 0.004 | −0.3 | 0.656 | 0.1 |
Women | 40 | 40.92 | 28.01, 53.82 | 159 | 81.95 | 68.90, 95.01 | <0.001 | −0.5 | ||||||
Processed Vegetables | Men | 42 | 68.26 | 43.70, 92.81 | 0.91 | 0.0 | 167 | 40.58 | 32.93, 48.23 | 0.053 | −0.2 | 0.035 | 0.5 | |
Women | 40 | 66.45 | 45.64, 87.25 | 159 | 53.15 | 42.81, 63.48 | 0.127 | 0.2 | ||||||
Fresh Fruits | Men | 42 | 168.08 | 104.2, 231.9 | 0.683 | −0.1 | 167 | 150.25 | 121.9, 178.6 | <0.001 | −0.4 | 0.586 | 0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 193.09 | 86.13, 300.0 | 160 | 237.61 | 197.0, 278.2 | 0.363 | −0.2 | ||||||
Processed Fruits | Men | 42 | 5.36 | 1.296, 9.418 | 0.278 | −0.2 | 166 | 6.39 | 3.757, 9.022 | 0.536 | 0.1 | 0.716 | −0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 9.16 | 3.346, 14.97 | 160 | 5.43 | 3.921, 6.935 | 0.216 | 0.3 | ||||||
Juices | Fruit Juice | Men | 42 | 120.96 | 69.07, 172.9 | 0.234 | −0.3 | 167 | 208.25 | 150.8, 265.7 | 0.476 | −0.1 | 0.144 | −0.3 |
Women | 40 | 273.53 | 23.54, 523.5 | 159 | 245.74 | 158.2, 333.3 | 0.797 | 0.0 | ||||||
Vegetable Juice | Men | 42 | 9.86 | −0.4242, 20.15 | 0.633 | 0.1 | 167 | 2.22 | 1.000, 3.448 | 0.145 | −0.2 | 0.144 | 0.5 | |
Women | 39 | 6.68 | −1.748, 15.12 | 159 | 4.2 | 1.832, 6.569 | 0.435 | 0.1 | ||||||
Legumes and pulses | Men | 42 | 19.45 | 6.867, 32.04 | 0.272 | 0.2 | 168 | 15.99 | 11.59, 20.39 | 0.024 | 0.2 | 0.525 | 0.1 | |
Women | 39 | 11.62 | 5.613, 17.64 | 159 | 10.28 | 7.993, 12.58 | 0.314 | 0.1 | ||||||
Nuts and seeds | Men | 42 | 2.9 | 1.473, 4.336 | 0.254 | 0.3 | 167 | 1.99 | 1.206, 2.767 | 0.842 | 0.0 | 0.290 | 0.2 | |
Women | 40 | 1.79 | 0.4449, 3.126 | 159 | 2.09 | 1.377, 2.811 | 0.699 | −0.1 | ||||||
Potatoes | Boiled Potatoes | Men | 42 | 62.31 | 39.31, 85.32 | 0.596 | −0.1 | 167 | 68.63 | 57.33, 79.93 | 0.167 | 0.2 | 0.621 | −0.1 |
Women | 40 | 70.74 | 48.51, 92.98 | 160 | 58.86 | 50.69, 67.03 | 0.316 | 0.2 | ||||||
Fried Potatoes | Men | 42 | 7.35 | 4.979, 9.721 | 0.475 | 0.2 | 168 | 10.08 | 8.114, 12.06 | 0.013 | 0.3 | 0.079 | −0.2 | |
Women | 40 | 6.08 | 3.372, 8.782 | 159 | 6.86 | 5.267, 8.463 | 0.653 | −0.1 | ||||||
French fries | Men | 42 | 13.27 | 5.886, 20.64 | 0.292 | 0.2 | 166 | 13.44 | 11.19, 15.69 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.953 | 0.0 | |
Women | 40 | 8.81 | 4.852, 12.76 | 160 | 7.79 | 6.192, 9.385 | 0.591 | 0.1 | ||||||
Butter and margarine | Men | 42 | 10.05 | 6.19, 13.91 | 0.492 | 0.2 | 168 | 9.36 | 7.77, 10.96 | 0.003 | 0.3 | 0.715 | 0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 8.28 | 4.84, 11.72 | 160 | 6.36 | 5.18, 7.53 | 0.190 | 0.2 | ||||||
Dairy products | Milk | Men | 41 | 247.17 | 157.5, 336.8 | 0.723 | 0.1 | 165 | 311.1 | 243.7, 378.5 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.376 | −0.2 |
Women | 40 | 225.18 | 138.3, 312.0 | 158 | 213.33 | 172.7, 253.9 | 0.798 | 0.0 | ||||||
Cream Cheese | Men | 42 | 7.23 | 3.345, 11.12 | 0.950 | 0.0 | 167 | 5.61 | 4.202, 7.017 | 0.635 | −0.1 | 0.433 | 0.2 | |
Women | 40 | 7.07 | 3.485, 10.65 | 160 | 6.15 | 4.377, 7.928 | 0.648 | 0.1 | ||||||
Cheese | Men | 42 | 40.65 | 24.16, 57.14 | 0.311 | 0.2 | 165 | 33.67 | 27.53, 39.80 | 0.882 | 0.0 | 0.346 | 0.2 | |
Women | 40 | 30.5 | 19.30, 41.70 | 160 | 32.92 | 24.97, 40.86 | 0.777 | −0.1 | ||||||
Yoghurt | Men | 42 | 78.53 | 39.63, 117.4 | 0.702 | −0.1 | 164 | 91.52 | 68.47, 114.6 | 0.230 | 0.1 | 0.605 | −0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 90.49 | 40.40, 140.6 | 159 | 75.57 | 63.16, 87.99 | 0.562 | 0.1 | ||||||
Fish | Cold fish | Men | 42 | 30.56 | 15.96, 45.16 | 0.692 | 0.1 | 168 | 18.51 | 15.32, 21.70 | 0.171 | 0.2 | 0.111 | 0.4 |
Women | 40 | 26.63 | 12.96, 40.29 | 160 | 15.48 | 12.51, 18.44 | 0.114 | 0.4 | ||||||
Warm fish | Men | 42 | 12.2 | 6.782, 17.52 | 0.675 | 0.1 | 167 | 9.4 | 7.605, 11.15 | 0.32 | 0.1 | 0.327 | 0.2 | |
Women | 40 | 10.7 | 6.594, 14.86 | 160 | 8.8 | 7.316, 10.27 | 0.287 | 0.2 | ||||||
Meat and poultry | Poultry | Men | 42 | 45.5 | 27.14, 63.87 | 0.996 | 0.0 | 168 | 32.6 | 26.02, 39.11 | 0.048 | 0.2 | 0.187 | 0.3 |
Women | 40 | 45.6 | 27.20, 63.94 | 160 | 24.5 | 19.80, 29.16 | 0.030 | 0.6 | ||||||
Meat | Men | 42 | 51.8 | 31.16, 72.51 | 0.104 | 0.4 | 167 | 53.8 | 43.86, 63.72 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.863 | 0.0 | |
Women | 40 | 32.2 | 20.35, 44.04 | 160 | 26.5 | 22.83, 30.26 | 0.363 | 0.2 | ||||||
Cold cuts | Men | 42 | 19.3 | 10.91, 27.73 | 0.335 | 0.2 | 168 | 34.0 | 28.50, 39.54 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.015 | −0.4 | |
Women | 40 | 14.5 | 8.994, 19.93 | 160 | 14.4 | 11.55, 17.22 | 0.982 | 0.0 | ||||||
Eggs | Men | 42 | 30.56 | 15.96, 45.16 | 0.692 | 0.1 | 168 | 18.51 | 15.32, 21.70 | 0.171 | 0.2 | 0.111 | 0.4 | |
Women | 40 | 26.63 | 12.96, 40.29 | 160 | 15.48 | 12.51, 18.44 | 0.114 | 0.4 | ||||||
Cereal products | Breakfast cereals | Men | 42 | 3.3 | 0.7905, 5.766 | 0.959 | 0.0 | 168 | 2.9 | 1.994, 3.881 | 0.063 | 0.2 | 0.765 | 0.1 |
Women | 40 | 3.4 | −0.8803, 7.684 | 159 | 1.8 | 0.9100, 2.585 | 0.448 | 0.2 | ||||||
Muesli | Men | 42 | 13.0 | −1.690, 27.58 | 0.372 | 0.2 | 166 | 5.7 | 3.731, 7.626 | 0.248 | 0.1 | 0.326 | 0.3 | |
Women | 40 | 6.1 | 2.605, 9.605 | 158 | 4.3 | 2.798, 5.693 | 0.274 | 0.2 | ||||||
Wholegrain bread and rolls | Men | 42 | 45.1 | 12.03, 78.09 | 0.357 | 0.2 | 157 | 55.7 | 43.15, 68.23 | 0.611 | −0.1 | 0.481 | −0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 28.4 | 15.03, 41.80 | 160 | 60.5 | 46.90, 74.00 | 0.001 | −0.4 | ||||||
Mixed bread | Men | 42 | 44.2 | 25.83, 62.52 | 0.897 | 0.0 | 166 | 78.2 | 60.72, 95.66 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.008 | −0.3 | |
Women | 40 | 42.6 | 25.57, 59.56 | 159 | 37.0 | 29.30, 44.65 | 0.526 | 0.1 | ||||||
White bread and rolls | Men | 42 | 48.2 | 32.88, 63.55 | 0.955 | 0.0 | 166 | 45.6 | 37.52, 55.77 | 0.006 | 0.3 | 0.875 | 0.0 | |
Women | 39 | 49.1 | 20.11, 78.10 | 160 | 30.9 | 24.19, 37.57 | 0.222 | 0.3 | ||||||
Pasta | Men | 42 | 38.7 | 20.70, 56.74 | 0.589 | 0.1 | 167 | 43.6 | 36.26, 50.84 | 0.013 | 0.3 | 0.575 | −0.1 | |
Women | 40 | 33.2 | 23.79, 42.56 | 160 | 32.4 | 27.48, 37.32 | 0.888 | 0.0 | ||||||
Rice | Men | 42 | 31.6 | 14.16, 49.04 | 0.357 | 0.2 | 168 | 18.9 | 14.77, 22.94 | 0.759 | 0.0 | 0.158 | 0.4 | |
Women | 40 | 22.5 | 13.42, 31.51 | 160 | 19.7 | 16.54, 22.78 | 0.468 | 0.1 |
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Pueschel, L.; Kockelmann, F.; Kueck, M.; Tegtbur, U.; Attaran-Bandarabadi, M.; Bachmann, O.; Wedemeyer, H.; Lenzen, H.; Wiestler, M. Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show Fewer Sex-Related Differences in Their Dietary Behavior Than the General Population: A Qualitative Analysis. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172954
Pueschel L, Kockelmann F, Kueck M, Tegtbur U, Attaran-Bandarabadi M, Bachmann O, Wedemeyer H, Lenzen H, Wiestler M. Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show Fewer Sex-Related Differences in Their Dietary Behavior Than the General Population: A Qualitative Analysis. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172954
Chicago/Turabian StylePueschel, Lea, Fabian Kockelmann, Momme Kueck, Uwe Tegtbur, Masoumeh Attaran-Bandarabadi, Oliver Bachmann, Heiner Wedemeyer, Henrike Lenzen, and Miriam Wiestler. 2024. "Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show Fewer Sex-Related Differences in Their Dietary Behavior Than the General Population: A Qualitative Analysis" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172954