From Waste to Health: Olive Mill Wastewater for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Plant Material
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. Determination of the Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.4. Antioxidant Assay: DPPH Assay Procedure
2.5. Ex Vivo Cardiovascular Experiments
2.5.1. Animals
2.5.2. Guinea Pig Heart
2.5.3. Guinea Pig Aorta
- The Mean Contraction Amplitude (MCA), evaluated as the mean force value (g);
- The standard deviations of the force values over the period as an index of the Spontaneous Contraction Variability (SCV);
- The Basal Spontaneous Motor Activity (BSMA) as the percentage (%) variation in each mean force value (g) for the control period.
2.6. Effect on “In Vitro” Vascular Endothelial Function
2.6.1. Cell Culture
2.6.2. Cell Viability Bioassay
2.6.3. Intracellular Total Oxidant Fluorescent Detection
2.6.4. RNA Extraction
2.6.5. Real-Time PCR
2.7. Determination of iNOS Inhibition in a Cell-Free System
2.7.1. General
2.7.2. Procedure
2.8. Antimicrobial Studies
2.8.1. Microorganisms
2.8.2. Determination of MIC and MBC
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Assay for the Measurement of the Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) and Scavenging Activity of MP30B
3.2. Cardiovascular Studies
3.2.1. Cardiac Activity
3.2.2. Vascular Activity
3.2.3. Antispastic Activity on Guinea Pig Aorta Smooth Muscle vs. K+
3.3. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
3.4. iNOS Activity in a Cell-Free System
3.5. Antimicrobial Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) Cardiac Activity on Guinea Pig Heart Preparations | |||||||||
Left atrium | Right atrium | ||||||||
inotropy | inotropy | chronotropy | |||||||
IA a (M ± SEM) | EC50 b | 95% conf lim | IA a (M ± SEM) | EC50 b | 95% conf lim | IA c (M ± SEM) | EC50 b | 95% conf lim | |
MP30B | 75 ± 0.3 (1 mg/mL) | 0.21 (mg/mL) | 0.16−0.42 (mg/mL) | 69 ± 1.3 (1 mg/mL) | 0.44 (mg/mL) | 0.21−0.56 (mg/mL) | 10 ± 0.2 (1 mg/mL) | ||
NIF | 97 ± 2.0 (10 μM) (3.5 µg/mL) | 0.26 (μM) (0.09 µg/mL) | 0.19−0.36 (μM) (0.066−0.12 µg/mL) | 85 ± 4.2 (0.1 μM) (0.035 µg/mL) | 0.039 (μM) (0.013 µg/mL) | 0.031−0.051 (μM) (0.011−0.018 µg/mL) | |||
(b) Spasmolytic activity on K+-depolarized Guinea pig aorta | |||||||||
IA d (M ± SEM) | IC50 c | 95% conf lim | |||||||
MP30B | 11 ± 0.4 (10 mg/mL) | ||||||||
NIF | 97 ± 1.4 (1 µM) (0. 35 µg/mL) | 0.0064 (µM) (0.0022 µg/mL) | 0.0016−0.0093 (µM) (0.0055−0.0032 µg/mL) | ||||||
(c) Antispastic activity on K+-induced contraction Guinea pig aorta | |||||||||
IA e (M ± SEM) | EC50 c | 95% conf lim | |||||||
KCl | 70 ± 10 | 38.42 | 27.12−42.26 | ||||||
KCl + MP30B (1 mg/mL) | 135 ± 12 | 36.37 | 25.08−45.38 | ||||||
KCl | 335± 15 | 32.24 | 20.05−38.89 | ||||||
KCl + NIF (0.005 µM) (0.0017 µg/mL) | 199 ± 11 | 38.07 | 26.59−43.45 |
Strain | MP30B (mg/mL) | Levofloxacin (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 | 8.1 | 16.2 | 4 | 8 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 10015 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2 | 4 |
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 0.5 | 1 |
Streptococcus pyogenes FL | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1 | 2 |
Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 13419 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 2 | 4 |
Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 | 8.1 | 16.2 | 4 | 8 |
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Mattioli, L.B.; Corazza, I.; Budriesi, R.; Hrelia, S.; Malaguti, M.; Caliceti, C.; Amoroso, R.; Maccallini, C.; Crupi, P.; Clodoveo, M.L.; et al. From Waste to Health: Olive Mill Wastewater for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2986. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172986
Mattioli LB, Corazza I, Budriesi R, Hrelia S, Malaguti M, Caliceti C, Amoroso R, Maccallini C, Crupi P, Clodoveo ML, et al. From Waste to Health: Olive Mill Wastewater for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2986. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172986
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattioli, Laura Beatrice, Ivan Corazza, Roberta Budriesi, Silvana Hrelia, Marco Malaguti, Cristiana Caliceti, Rosa Amoroso, Cristina Maccallini, Pasquale Crupi, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, and et al. 2024. "From Waste to Health: Olive Mill Wastewater for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2986. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172986