Joint Trajectories of Lifestyle Indicators and Their Associations with Blood Pressure among Chinese Middle School Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Lifestyle Behavior Measurement
2.2.1. Dietary Behavior Score
2.2.2. PA
2.2.3. ST
2.2.4. Sleep Duration
2.3. Identifing Joint Trajectories of Lifestyle Behaviors
2.4. Students’ BP
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.6.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics across Trajectory Groups
2.6.2. Associations between Students’ Lifestyle Trajectories and Later BP
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Lifestyle Trajectories
3.2. Associations between Students’ Lifestyle Trajectories and Later BP
3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Overall | “Remain Unhealthy with Low PA and Increasing ST” | “Remain Unhealthy with Only Low PA” | “Change towards Unhealthy with Decreasing Sleep Duration” | “Relatively Healthy” | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1348 | 141 (10.46) | 305 (22.63) | 776 (57.57) | 126 (9.35) | |
Sex (%) | ||||||
Boys | 795 (58.98) | 103 (73.05) | 202 (66.23) | 417 (53.74) | 73 (57.94) | <0.001 |
Girls | 553 (41.02) | 38 (26.95) | 103 (33.77) | 359 (46.26) | 53 (42.06) | |
Age (median [IQR]) | 14.36 [13.30, 17.28] | 13.69 [12.69, 17.20] | 17.07 [14.14, 17.58] | 13.96 [12.88, 14.99] | 14.48 [13.48, 17.09] | <0.001 |
Self-perceived family income (%) | ||||||
Fine | 506 (37.54) | 27 (19.15) | 114 (37.38) | 308 (39.69) | 57 (45.24) | <0.001 |
Poor | 842 (62.46) | 114 (80.85) | 191 (62.62) | 468 (60.31) | 69 (54.76) | |
Maternal education (%) | ||||||
Junior high school or below | 323 (23.96) | 74 (52.48) | 85 (27.87) | 143 (18.43) | 21 (16.67) | <0.001 |
High school | 251 (18.62) | 23 (16.31) | 53 (17.38) | 155 (19.97) | 20 (15.87) | |
College degree or above | 774 (57.42) | 44 (31.21) | 167 (54.75) | 478 (61.60) | 85 (67.46) | |
n | 615 | 49 (8.01) | 161 (26.31) | 328 (53.59) | 77 (12.68) | |
BMI (median [IQR]) | 20.36 [17.88, 24.07] | 19.70 [17.40, 23.85] | 20.86 [18.36, 24.24] | 20.07 [17.70, 23.89] | 20.99 [18.44, 23.74] | 0.172 |
SBP (mean [SD]) | 119.93 (12.86) | 123.67 (12.46) | 121.18 (13.63) | 118.67 (12.47) | 120.29 (12.58) | 0.031 |
DBP (mean [SD]) | 70.01 (8.36) | 73.51 (9.59) | 71.04 (8.17) | 69.15 (8.23) | 69.30 (7.80) | 0.002 |
MAP (mean [SD]) | 86.65 (8.55) | 90.23 (9.32) | 87.76 (8.58) | 85.66 (8.31) | 86.29 (8.25) | 0.001 |
High SBP (%) | ||||||
Normal | 470 (76.42) | 30 (61.22) | 122 (75.78) | 259 (78.96) | 59 (76.62) | 0.060 |
High SBP | 145 (23.58) | 19 (38.78) | 39 (24.22) | 69 (21.04) | 18 (23.38) | |
High DBP (%) | ||||||
Normal | 568 (92.36) | 41 (83.67) | 149 (92.55) | 307 (93.60) | 71 (92.21) | 0.110 |
High DBP | 47 (7.64) | 8 (16.33) | 12 (7.45) | 21 (6.40) | 6 (7.79) | |
Hypertension (%) | ||||||
Normal | 569 (92.52) | 40 (81.63) | 147 (91.30) | 308 (93.90) | 74 (96.10) | 0.010 |
Hypertension | 46 (7.48) | 9 (18.37) | 14 (8.70) | 20 (6.10) | 3 (3.90) |
Lifestyle Trajectory Groups | SBP | DBP | MAP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
“Relatively healthy” | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
“Change towards unhealthy with decreasing sleep duration” | −0.68 (−3.41, 2.06) | 0.628 | −0.05 (−2.07, 1.97) | 0.964 | −0.26 (−2.19, 1.68) | 0.795 |
“Remain unhealthy with only low PA” | 0.02 (−2.98, 3.03) | 0.987 | 1.32 (−0.90, 3.54) | 0.243 | 0.89 (−1.24, 3.01) | 0.412 |
“Remain unhealthy with low PA and increasing ST” | 2.58 (−1.41, 6.57) | 0.205 | 3.49 (0.55, 6.44) | 0.020 | 3.19 (0.37, 6.01) | 0.027 |
p for trend | 0.200 | 0.006 | 0.012 |
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Jing, G.; Liu, X.; Shi, J.; Xue, J.; Peng, H.; Shi, H. Joint Trajectories of Lifestyle Indicators and Their Associations with Blood Pressure among Chinese Middle School Students. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2994. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172994
Jing G, Liu X, Shi J, Xue J, Peng H, Shi H. Joint Trajectories of Lifestyle Indicators and Their Associations with Blood Pressure among Chinese Middle School Students. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2994. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172994
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing, Guangzhuang, Xinxin Liu, Jiaojiao Shi, Junlei Xue, Hui Peng, and Huijing Shi. 2024. "Joint Trajectories of Lifestyle Indicators and Their Associations with Blood Pressure among Chinese Middle School Students" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2994. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172994