Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Energy
3. Protein
4. Carbohydrate
5. Fat
6. Diet Quality
7. Determinants of Dietary Intake and Food Choice in Rugby Players
8. Directions for Future Research
9. Conclusions
Absolute | Relative | ||||||||||||||||
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Author | Year | Country | Age | Body Mass (kg) | Participants (n) | Level | Sex | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | CHO (g) | Fat (g) | Energy (kcal·kg) | Protein (g·kg) | CHO (g·kg) | Fat (g·kg) | Assessment Method | Duration of Assessment |
Black et al. [95] | 2019 | New Zealand | Weight gain: 23.4 ± 3.1 Weight maintenance: 24.6 ± 1.8 Weight loss: 23.6 ± 2.3 | 106.3 ± 13.3 | 23 | Professional | Male | 3875 ± 907 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | Mixed methods—RFPM and researcher observations | 3 days | ||||
Bradley et al. [96] | 2015 | United Kingdom | Forward: 24.4 ± 4.0 Back: 24.2 ± 2.0 | Forward: 108.1 ± 7.5 Back: 89.5 ± 5.0 | 20 | Elite | Male | Forward: 14.8 ± 1.9 Back: 13.3 ± 1.9 (MJ) | Forward: 2.5 ± 0.3 Back: 2.6 ± 0.2 | Forward: 3.3 ± 0.7 Back: 4.1 ± 0.4 | Forward: 1.0 ± 0.3 Back: 1.0 ± 0.3 | Dietary recall | 2 × 2 training days | ||||
Bradley et al. [97] | 2015 | United Kingdom | Forward: 28.0 ± 2.8 Back: 25.1 ± 3.8 | Forward: 110.1 ± 6.2 Back: 93.6 ± 5.9 | 14 | Elite | Male | Forward: 16.6 ± 1.3 Back: 14.2 ± 1.2 (MJ) | Forward: 2.7 ± 0.5 Back: 2.7 ± 0.3 | Forward: 3.5 ± 0.8 Back: 3.4 ± 0.7 | Forward: 1.4 ± 0.2 Back: 1.4 ± 0.3 | Estimated food diary | 6 days | ||||
Burrows et al. [67] | 2016 | Australia | 16.0 ± 2.0 | 76.5 ± 10.0 | 25 | Sub-elite | Male | 10,372 ± 4974 (KJ) | 108.1 ± 75.9 | 317.0 ± 153 | 88.5 ± 54.9 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 2.4 | FFQ | |||
Holway et al. [72] | 2024 | Argentina | Forward: 28.2 ± 6.8 Back: 26.4 ± 8.1 | Forward: 100.3 ± 16.6 Back: 79.8 ± 8.2 | 57 | Amateur | Male | Forward: 2827 (1220–6228) Back: 3682 (2104–7982) (Median/Range) | Forward: 117 (56–329) Back: 136 (47–292) (Median/Range) | Forward: 342 (107–821) Back: 401 (177–828) (Median/Range) | Forward: 104 (33–334) Back: 149 (70–428) (Median/Range) | Forward: 1.1 (0.5–3.6) Back: 0.7–3.5) (Median/Range) | Forward: 3.3 (1.1–8.0) Back: 5.3 (2.3–10.0) (Median/Range) | Forward: 1.0 (0.3–3.7) Back: 1.9 (1.0–4.8) (Median/Range) | Dietary recall | 1 day | |
Hitendre et al. [82] | 2022 | United Kingdom | 23.0 (21.5, 27.5) (Median/IQR) | 96.6 ±10.8 | 24 | Semi-professional | Male | 2472 (1767, 3374) (Median/IQR) | 139.8 ± 51.1 | 266 (199, 341) (Median/IQR) | 97.0 (68.3, 150.3) (Median/IQR) | 26.3 ± 9.2 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 3.0 (2.0, 3.0) | FFQ | ||
Hudson et al. [16] | 2021 | United Kingdom | 20.0 ± 2.7 | 102.5 ± 13.7 | 7 | Professional | Male | 3323 ± 630 | 2.4 ±0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | RFPM | 7 days | |||||
Imamura et al. [98] | 2013 | Japan | Forward: 19.5 ± 0.9 Back: 19.5 ± 1.0 | Forward: 87.3 ± 8.9 Back: 72.6 ± 7.4 | 34 | Collegiate | Male | Forward: 3579 ± 848 Back: 2963 ± 111 | Forward: 92.7 ± 22.3 Back: 79.9 ± 31.5 | Forward: 567.0 ± 160.1 Back: 457.4 ±192.2 | Forward: 91.5 ± 25.0 Back: 77.2 ± 30.8 | FFQ | 1–2 months | ||||
MacDougall et al. [71] | 2015 | USA | 30.2 ± 1.1 | 15 | Collegiate | Male | 2378 ± 126 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | Dietary recall | 3 days | ||||||
MacKenzie et al. [49] | 2015 | Australia | 20.5 ± 2.3 | 100.2 ± 13.3 | 25 | Developing elite | Male | 3250 ± 869 | 211.0 ± 62.0 | 352.0 ± 115.0 | 101.0 ± 34.0 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | Food record | 7 days | |
Posthumus et al. [61] | 2021 | New Zealand | 27.6 ± 2.8 | 103.0 ± 13.6 | 34 | Professional | Male | Forward: 4606 ± 719 Back: 3761 ± 618 | Forward: 280 ± 39 Back: 220 ± 37 | Forward: 399 ± 77 Back: 340 ± 59 | Forward: 210 ± 43 Back: 169 ± 41 | Forward: 40.5 ± 7.2 Back: 41.9 ± 7.2 | Forward: 2.5 ± 0.4 Back: 2.4 ± 0.5 | Forward: 3.5 ± 0.8 Back: 3.7 ± 0.7 | Forward: 1.8 ± 0.4 Back 1.8 ± 0.5 | RFPM | 7 days |
Posthumus et al. [78] | 2022 | New Zealand | Forward: 28.2 ± 2.9 Back: 28.5 ± 3.2 | Forward: 115.0 ± 6.8 Back: 93.2 ± 7.6 | 12 | Professional | Male | Forward (catered): 5210 ± 674 Forward (non-catered): 4341 ± 654 Back (catered): 3952 ± 765 Back (non-catered): 3445 ± 610 | Forward (catered): 318 ± 33 Forward (non-catered): 260 ± 29 Back (catered): 223 ± 46 Back (non-catered): 188 ± 11 | Forward (catered): 408 ± 85 Forward (non-catered): 411 ± 89 Back (catered): 328 ± 65 Back (non-catered): 317 ± 75 | Forward (catered): 244 ± 34 Forward (non-catered): 183 ± 47 Back (catered): 183 ± 47 Back (non-catered): 149 ± 50 | Forward (catered) 45.8 ± 7.2 Forward (non-catered): 38.2 ± 6.6 Back (catered): 42.8 ± 8.4 Back (non-catered): 37.6 ± 5.9 | Forward (catered): 2.8 ± 0.3 Forward (non-catered): 2.3 ± 0.3 Back (catered): 2.4 ± 0.5 Back (non-catered): 2.0 ± 0.1 | Forward (catered): 3.6 ± 0.9 Forward (non-catered): 3.6 ± 0.8 Back (catered): 3.5 ± 0.6 Back (non-catered): 3.4 ± 0.7 | Forward (catered): 2.1 ± 0.3 Forward (non-catered): 1.5 ± 0.3 Back (catered): 2.0 ± 0.5 Back (non-catered): 1.6 ± 0.6 | RFPM | Catered: 7 days Non-catered: 7 days |
Potgieter et al. [99] | 2014 | South Africa | N/A * | N/A * | 11 | Collegiate | Male | 45.4 ± 9.0 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | Mixed-methods—food record and 24 h recall | 7 days | ||||
Roberts et al. [50] | 2022 | New Zealand | Professional: 31.4 ± 3.0 Semi-professional forward: 24.2 ± 3.5 Semi-professional back: 24.4 ± 4.7 | Professional: 104.9 ± 12.0 Semi-professional forward: 114.3 ± 8.2 Semi-professional back: 93.8 ± 6.2 | Professional: 10 Semi-professional forward: 19 Semi-professional back: 6 | Professional and semi-professional | Male | Professional: 203.7 ± 68.1 Semi-professional forward: 151.5 ± 64.6 Semi-professional back: 178.7 ± 47.3 | Professional: 2.0 ± 0.6 Semi-professional forward: 1.4 ± 0.5 Semi-professional back: 1.9 ± 0.5 | RFPM | 7 days * | ||||||
Roberts et al. [74] | 2022 | New Zealand | 20.5 ± 1.6 | 102.4 ± 18.2 | 10 | Provincial academy | Male | 2492 ± 762 | 131.1 ± 41.8 | 261.7 ± 101.3 | 95.8 ± 34.7 | 24.4 ± 7.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | RFPM | Observation: 12 days |
Smith et al. [70] | 2016 | United Kingdom | Under 16: 15.8 ± 0.5 Under 19: 18.1 ± 0.8 | Under 16: 83.7 ± 12.3 Under 19: 91.4 ± 13.4 | 52 | Elite academy | Male | Under 16: 3269 ± 766 Under 19: 3412 ± 670 | Under 16: 155.4 ± 56.4 Under 19: 210.7 ± 46.7 | Under 16: 392.2 ± 108.2 Under 19: 416.2 ± 107.2 | Under 16: 112.3 ± 34.2 Under 19: 111.8 ± 34.8 | Under 16: 37.9 ± 10.4 Under 19: 38.2 ± 9.8 | Under 16: 1.9 ± 0.6 Under 19: 2.3 ± 0.5 | Under 16: 4.8 ± 1.1 Under 19: 4.7 ± 1.4 | Under 16: 1.4 ±0.5 Under 19: 1.3 ± 0.5 | Food record | 4 days |
Traversa et al. [84] | 2022 | Canada | 20.5 ± 0.4 | 74.9 ± 2.9 | 15 | Varsity | Female | 2158 ± 87 | 99.6 ± 4.6 | 246.9 ± 12.2 | 91.0 ± 4.6 | 38.6 ± 2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | Weighed food diary (online application) | 7 days |
Zyla et al. [100] | 2014 | Poland | Forward: 24.0 ± 4.3 Back: 22.0 ± 1.7 | Forward: 92.6 ± 14.7 Back: 80.8 ± 8.6 | 44 | Amateur | Male | 3613 ± 943 | 157.7 ± 51.6 | 404.5 ± 128.4 | 158.3 ± 52.1 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | Dietary recall | 3 days |
Factor | Advisory | Methods to Meet Advisory | Level of Evidence | Directions for Future Research |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | Ensure energy intake meets the demands of the sport. The current literature suggests that rugby players have high energy demands but the levels of intake required to maintain energy balance may not be sufficient. | Education of athletes
| Moderate |
|
Protein | Ensure per-meal protein intake is in-line with best-practice sports nutrition guidelines in the literature (0.4 g·kg−1 BM of protein on 4–6 eating occasions throughout the day; Schoenfeld and Aragon, 2018) | Education of athletes
| Low |
|
Carbohydrate | Ensure daily carbohydrate is in-line with best-practice sports nutrition guidelines in the literature (5–10 g·kg−1·day−1; [27], with considerations for food volume due to observed body mass variability. | Education of athletes
| High |
|
Diet quality | Support increases in fruit and vegetable intake in youth athletes | Education of athletes
| Low |
|
Determinants of food choice | Ensure stakeholders such as coaches, support staff, partners, and caregivers are able to appropriately support food choice provision. Increase nutrition knowledge in athletes and stakeholders. | Education of athletes
| Low |
|
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roberts, C.J.; Gough, L.A. Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173011
Roberts CJ, Gough LA. Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173011
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberts, Charlie J., and Lewis A. Gough. 2024. "Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173011