The Relationship of Hedonic Hunger, Macronutrient Balance, Nutrition Knowledge, and Body Image and Weight Control with Dietary Intake in Student Athletes and Exercisers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.1.1. Study Sample
2.1.2. Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Missing Data
2.3.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3.3. Power Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Key Outcome Measures
3.3. Associations between Modifiable Factors
3.4. Regression Analysis
3.5. Differences in Outcome Measures Based on Socio-Demographic Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships of Modifiable Factors to Dietary Intake and Body Image Disturbance
4.2. Associations between Modifiable Factors
4.3. Differences in Outcome Measures Based on Socio-Demographic Factors
4.4. Limitations
4.5. Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Part 1 n = 82 | Part 1 & 2 n = 42 |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
| 26 (31.7%) | 9 (21.4%) |
| 56 (68.3%) | 33 (78.6%) |
Age (years) Median (IQR) | 21.0 (3) | 21.0 (3) |
Plays competitive sport | ||
| 53 (64.6%) | 27 (64.3%) |
| 29 (35.4%) | 15 (35.7%) |
Sport type (n) | n = 53 AFL (5) Basketball (3) Cycling (2) Hockey (2) Endurance running (5) Soccer (football) (7) Swimming (1) Triathlon (1) Netball (5) Boxing (1) Weightlifting (5) Martial arts (2) Touch football (1) Other (13) Missing (29) | n = 27 AFL (2) Basketball (2) Cycling (2) Hockey (1) Endurance running (4) Soccer (football) (3) Triathlon (1) Netball (1) Boxing (1) Weightlifting (1) Martial arts (1) Other (8) Missing (15) |
Highest level of sport | n = 53 | n = 27 |
| 33 (62.3%) | 14 (51.9%) |
| 10 (18.9%) | 7 (25.9%) |
| 6 (11.3%) | 3 (11.1%) |
| 4 (7.5%) | 3 (11.1%) |
Nutrition education * | ||
| 29 (35.4%) | 15 (35.7%) |
| 53 (64.6%) | 27 (64.3%) |
Nutrition student | ||
| 15 (18.3%) | 7 (16.7%) |
| 67 (81.7%) | 35 (83.3%) |
Special diet | ||
| 54 (65.9%) | 25 (59.5%) |
| 28 (34.1%) | 17 (40.5%) |
Special diet types (n) | n = 28 | n = 25 |
Vegan (7) | Vegan (6) | |
Vegetarian (13) | Vegetarian (7) | |
Pescatarian (3) | Pescatarian (1) | |
Low FODMAP (1) | Low FODMAP (1) | |
Gluten free (4) | Gluten free (2) | |
Intermittent fasting (2) | Intermittent fasting (1) | |
Other (5) | Other (5) | |
Supplement intake | ||
| 34 (41.5%) | 15 (35.7%) |
| 48 (58.5%) | 27 (64.3%) |
Supplement types (n) | n = 34 Multivitamin (7) Protein supplement (14) Beta alanine (3) Creatine (7) Probiotic (3) Omega 3 (3) Fish Oil (5) Zinc (4) Magnesium (13) Iron (16) Calcium (1) Vitamin D (7) Vitamin C (3) B vitamins (4) Folate (1) Collagen (2) Fibre (1) Lysine (1) Maca (1) Tyrosine (1) | n = 15 Multivitamin (2) Protein supplement (5) Beta alanine (2) Creatine (3) Probiotic (2) Omega 3 (1) Fish Oil (1) Magnesium (6) Iron (10) Calcium (1) Vitamin D (4) Vitamin C (2) B vitamins (3) Folate (1) Collagen (2) Lysine (1) |
Variable | Part 1 (n = 82) | Part 1 & 2 (n = 42) |
---|---|---|
ANSKQ | ||
| 55.12 (12.29) | 55.85 (13.27) |
| 72.73 (27.27) | 72.73 (27.27) |
| 49.44 (14.93) | 50.10 (16.32) |
CDRS (median (IQR)) | ||
| −1.0 (2) | −1.0 (2) |
| −1.0 (1) | −1.0 (1) |
BIDQ (median (IQR)) | 2.0 (1.43) | 2.14 (1.57) |
Weight Fluctuation (median (IQR)) | 0.0 (2) | 0.0 (1) |
PFS | ||
| 2.83 (0.81) | 2.79 (0.80) |
| 2.75 (1.71) | 2.58 (2.0) |
| 2.88 (1.75) | 2.50 (2.06) |
| 2.9 (1.05) | 2.96 (0.85) |
Variable | Mean (SD), Range |
---|---|
ARFS | 38.64 (9.03) 19, 56 |
KJ with DF | 9208.29 (2587.25) 4268.29, 16873.95 |
CHO/kg BW (g) | 4.05 (1.43) 0.91, 7.96 |
Fat/kg BW (g) | 1.23 (0.36) 0.55, 1.97 |
PRO/kg BW (g) | 1.35 (0.47) 0.63, 2.59 |
CHO% of E Median (IQR) Range | 48.07 (12) 24, 61 |
Fat% of E Median (IQR) Range | 34.05 (9) 25, 53 |
PRO% of E | 16.29 (3.92) 10, 27 |
Variable | Megajoule Intake with Dietary Fibre | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
Β | 95% CI | Β | 95% CI | Β | 95% CI | Β | 95% CI | |
Intercept | 4.353 ** | 2.49–6.22 | 6.729 ** | 4.26–9.12 | 6.946 ** | 4.61–9.28 | 9.190 ** | 6.27–12.11 |
CHO/kg | 1.20 ** | 0.77–1.63 | 1.123 ** | 0.72–1.53 | 1.058 ** | 0.67–1.45 | 0.984 ** | 0.61–1.36 |
BIDQ | −0.915 * | −1.59–−0.24 | −0.918 * | −1.56–−0.28 | −0.834 * | −1.44–−0.23 | ||
WFS | 0.745 | 0.13–1.36 | 0.730 | −0.15–1.31 | ||||
PFS food Tasted | −0.719 | −1.34–−0.10 | ||||||
R2 | 0.438 | 0.528 | 0.593 | 0.646 | ||||
Adj R2 | 0.424 | 0.503 | 0.560 | 0.608 | ||||
ΔR2 | 0.438 | 0.09 | 0.065 | 0.053 | ||||
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Janiczak, A.; Forsyth, A.; Li, X.; Trakman, G. The Relationship of Hedonic Hunger, Macronutrient Balance, Nutrition Knowledge, and Body Image and Weight Control with Dietary Intake in Student Athletes and Exercisers. Nutrients 2024, 16, 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060772
Janiczak A, Forsyth A, Li X, Trakman G. The Relationship of Hedonic Hunger, Macronutrient Balance, Nutrition Knowledge, and Body Image and Weight Control with Dietary Intake in Student Athletes and Exercisers. Nutrients. 2024; 16(6):772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060772
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaniczak, Amy, Adrienne Forsyth, Xia Li, and Gina Trakman. 2024. "The Relationship of Hedonic Hunger, Macronutrient Balance, Nutrition Knowledge, and Body Image and Weight Control with Dietary Intake in Student Athletes and Exercisers" Nutrients 16, no. 6: 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060772