Increasing Vitamin C Content in Plant Foods to Improve Their Nutritional Value—Successes and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Increasing Vitamin C Content through Improved Biosynthesis
3. Increasing Vitamin C Content through Improved Asc Recycling
3.1. Targeting MDAR Expression to Increase Ascorbic Acid
3.2. Targeting DHAR Expression to Increase Ascorbic Acid
4. Consequences of Increasing Asc Content in Plants
4.1. Effects on Other Antioxidants and ROS-Detoxifying Enzymes
4.2. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Improves Tolerance to Many Environmental Stresses
4.3. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Improves Tolerance to High Light
4.4. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Decreases Tolerance to Drought Stress
4.5. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Prolongs Leaf Function
4.6. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Can Alter Pathogen Defense Responses
4.7. Increasing Ascorbic Acid Induces Twinning
5. Conclusions
Abbreviations
ABA | abscisic acid |
AO | ascorbate oxidase |
APX | ascorbate peroxidase |
Asc | ascorbate |
CaMV | cauliflower mosaic virus |
CAT | catalase |
chl | chlorophyll |
DHA | dehydroascorbate |
DHAR | dehydroascorbate reductase |
ETR | electron transport rate |
Fd | ferredoxin |
GalLDH | l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase |
GulLO | l-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase |
GalUR | d-galacturonic acid reductase |
GR | glutathione reductase |
GSH | glutathione |
GST | glutathione-S-transferase |
MDA | monodehydroascorbate reductase |
MDAR | monodehydroascorbate reductase |
NPQ | non-photochemical quenching |
φPSII | quantum yield of PSII |
qE | energy-dependent NPQ |
qI | photoinhibition |
RbcL | ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit |
QC | quiescent center |
PSI | photosystem I |
PSII | photosystem II |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
TBARS | thiobarbituric acid reactive substance |
VDE | violaxanthin de-epoxidase |
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gallie, D.R. Increasing Vitamin C Content in Plant Foods to Improve Their Nutritional Value—Successes and Challenges. Nutrients 2013, 5, 3424-3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093424
Gallie DR. Increasing Vitamin C Content in Plant Foods to Improve Their Nutritional Value—Successes and Challenges. Nutrients. 2013; 5(9):3424-3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093424
Chicago/Turabian StyleGallie, Daniel R. 2013. "Increasing Vitamin C Content in Plant Foods to Improve Their Nutritional Value—Successes and Challenges" Nutrients 5, no. 9: 3424-3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093424