Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of Aqueous Enzymatic Extract from Rice Bran in Rats Fed a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation and Composition of AEERB
2.3. Antioxidant Potential of AEERB in Vitro
2.4. Animals and Treatment
Normal Diet | % | Hyperlipidemic Diet | % |
---|---|---|---|
Protein | 20 | Normal diet | 78.8 |
Fat | 4.5 | Lard oil | 10 |
Carbohydrates | 52 | Yolk powder | 10 |
Fiber | 4.3 | Cholesterol | 1.0 |
Moisture | 9.1 | Bile salt | 0.2 |
Ash | 8.0 | ||
Calcium | 1.3 | ||
Phosphorus | 0.8 |
2.5. Antioxidant Activity in Vivo
2.6. Metabolic Parameters Analysis
2.7. Hepatic HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Characterization of AEERB
Composition | AEERB | RB |
---|---|---|
Protein (%) | 26.10 ± 0.56 a | 13.43 ± 0.54 b |
Crude fat (%) | 10.56 ± 0.3 b | 18.84 ± 0.09 a |
Reducing sugar (%) | 8.43 ± 0.3 a | 1.47 ± 0.2 b |
TPC (mg GAE/g) | 16.87 ± 0.006 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 b |
TFC (mg RE/g) | 4.15 ± 0.07 a | 0.79 ± 0.06 b |
γ-Oryzanol (mg/g) | 3.49 ± 0.1 a | 1.27 ± 0.08 b |
Vitamin E (mg/kg) | ||
α-Tocopherol | 5.81 ± 0.28 a | 5.40 ± 0.71 a |
β-Tocopherol | 0.85 ± 0.17 a | 0.40 ± 0.5 b |
γ-Tocopherol | 1.19 ± 0.20 a | 1.30 ± 0.21 a |
α-Tocotrienol | 4.42 ± 0.31 a | 1.7 ± 0.24 b |
γ-Tocotrienol | 10.80 ± 0.42 b | 14.2 ± 0.40 a |
δ-Tocotrienol | 1.30 ± 0.20 a | 1.20 ± 0.36 a |
3.2. Antioxidant Potential in Vitro
Sample | Ferric Reducing Ability (mmol FeSO4·g−1) | DPPH• Scavenging Activity (IC50) (μg·mL−1) | ABTS•+ Scavenging Activity (IC50) (μg·mL−1) | LPI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AEERB | 3.15 ± 0.1 c | 98.87 ± 18.3 a | 103.83 ± 3.0 a | 22.72 ± 0.7 c |
AA | 120.83 ± 0.6 a | 23.58 ± 5.5 b | 17.95 ± 0.6 b | 27.11 ± 0.3 b |
BHT | 82 ± 0.9 b | 91.61 ± 6.3 a | 6.19 ± 0.5 c | 48.93 ± 0.8 a |
3.3. Effect on Body and Organ Weights
Growth Parameters | ND | HD | AEERB |
---|---|---|---|
Body weight gain (g/rat/day) | 2.01 ± 0.88 b | 3.54 ± 1.15 a | 2.04 ± 1.11 b |
Food intake (g/day/rat) | 24.02 ± 2.3 a | 18.19 ± 2.0 c | 19.75 ± 2.5 b |
Liver (g/100 g body weight) | 3.22 ± 0.76 b | 3.89 ± 0.36 a | 3.54 ± 0.37 ab |
Epididymal adipose (g) | 4.46 ± 1.33 b | 6.83 ± 2.53 a | 4.26 ± 0.95 b |
Perirenal adipose tissue (g) | 0.57 ± 0.37 a | 1.00 ± 0.51 a | 0.76 ± 0.27 a |
Mesenteric (g) | 2.06 ± 0.46 b | 3.05 ± 0.70 a | 2.36 ± 0.91 ab |
3.4. Antioxidant Activity in Vivo
Group | TAOC (U/mL) | SOD (U/mL) | GSH-Px (U) | CAT (U/mL) | MDA (nmol/mL) | Protein Carbonyl (nmol/mg protein) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | 15.42 ± 1.62 a | 293.05 ± 20.09 a | 719.02 ± 87.75 a | 11.85 ± 2.49 a | 6.08 ± 1.87 a | 0.0518 ± 0.013 b |
HD | 10.34 ± 1.75 b | 87.85 ± 22.36 c | 600.98 ± 173.00 a | 8.72 ± 3.26 a | 8.00 ± 1.44 a | 0.0787 ± 0.016 a |
AEERB | 14.13 ± 0.85 a | 161.63 ± 26.57 b | 688.78 ± 124.28 a | 9.23 ± 3.44 a | 7.34 ± 1.87 a | 0.0596 ± 0.022 ab |
Group | TAOC (U/mg protein) | SOD (U/mg protein) | GSH-Px (U) | CAT (U/mg protein) | MDA (nmol/mg protein) | Protein Carbonyl (nmol/mg protein) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Live tissue | ||||||
ND | 1.83 ± 0.45 a | 109.17 ± 16.39 a | 117.34 ± 14.11 a | 45.21 ± 12.48 a | 1.03 ± 0.14 b | 1.78 ± 0.18 c |
HD | 1.06 ± 0.25 b | 65.21 ± 10.60 b | 97.85 ± 17.23 b | 22.85 ± 6.77 b | 1.19 ± 0.12 a | 3.46 ± 0.50 a |
AEERB | 1.40 ± 0.25 b | 97.63 ± 5.65 ab | 111.74 ± 11.01 ab | 41.81 ± 4.95 a | 1.08 ± 0.16 ab | 2.77 ± 0.77 b |
Brain tissue | ||||||
ND | 1.09 ± 0.24 a | 55.20 ± 23.80 a | 66.33 ± 17.06 a | 11.83 ± 3.17 a | 3.52 ± 0.90 b | 2.28 ± 0.89 b |
HD | 0.91 ± 0.13 a | 46.45 ± 18.09 a | 50.75 ± 27.42 a | 5.32 ± 1.85 b | 6.56 ± 1.35 a | 3.67 ± 0.53 a |
AEERB | 1.04 ± 0.25 a | 52.24 ± 19.68 a | 63.13 ± 12.47 a | 6.79 ± 1.68 b | 5.52 ± 1.19 a | 3.29 ± 1.06 a |
3.5. Serum Lipid Analysis
Serum Lipid Parameters | ND | HD | AEERB |
---|---|---|---|
TC (mmol/L) | 1.52 ± 0.08 c | 2.65 ± 0.17 a | 2.00 ± 0.12 b |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.50 ± 0.22 b | 0.85 ± 0.16 a | 0.63 ± 0.04 b |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.87 ± 0.06 a | 0.58 ± 0.06 c | 0.77 ± 0.09 b |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.51 ± 0.12 c | 0.98 ± 0.11 a | 0.73 ± 0.10 b |
ApoA (g/L) | 0.039 ± 0.01 a | 0.022 ± 0.01 b | 0.027 ± 0.01 b |
ApoB (g/L) | 0.026 ± 0.01 b | 0.039 ± 0.01 a | 0.033 ± 0.01 ab |
Lp (a) (mg/L) | 1.37 ± 0.23 b | 1.88 ± 0.23 a | 1.54 ± 0.14 b |
AI1 | 0.75 ± 0.15 c | 3.59 ± 0.48 a | 1.65 ± 0.43 b |
AI2 | 0.58 ± 0.16 c | 1.71 ± 0.27 a | 0.97 ± 0.23 b |
3.6. Liver Lipid Analysis
Group | Total Lipids (%) | TC (μmol/g) | Free Cholesterol (μmol/g) | Cholesterol Ester (μmol/g) | TG (μmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | 33.46 ± 11.51 b | 67.33 ± 7.46 b | 28.54 ± 1.63 b | 38.79 ± 7.90 b | 58.23 ± 6.04 b |
HD | 55.46 ± 26.20 a | 94.21 ± 2.83 a | 37.60 ± 6.74 a | 56.61 ± 6.73 a | 71.15 ± 5.5 a |
AEERB | 15.47 ± 6.61 b | 70.01 ± 8.49 b | 33.68 ± 2.69 a | 36.32 ± 9.76 b | 41.40 ± 8.38 c |
3.7. Fecal Lipid Analysis
3.8. Hepatic HMG-CoA Reductase Activity
3.9. Pathological Examination
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, Y.-X.; Li, Y.; Sun, A.-M.; Wang, F.-J.; Yu, G.-P. Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of Aqueous Enzymatic Extract from Rice Bran in Rats Fed a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2014, 6, 3696-3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6093696
Wang Y-X, Li Y, Sun A-M, Wang F-J, Yu G-P. Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of Aqueous Enzymatic Extract from Rice Bran in Rats Fed a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients. 2014; 6(9):3696-3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6093696
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yu-Xin, Yang Li, An-Min Sun, Feng-Jiao Wang, and Guo-Ping Yu. 2014. "Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of Aqueous Enzymatic Extract from Rice Bran in Rats Fed a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet" Nutrients 6, no. 9: 3696-3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6093696