Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Population
2.2. Medication and Tobacco Use
2.3. Energy Intake
2.4. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors
2.5. Depression Symptoms
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
Antidepressant Non-Users (n = 2818) | Antidepressant Users (n = 221) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± S.E.), years | 43.5 ± 0.6 | 48.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
Gender (% Women) | 46.6 | 72.6 | <0.001 |
Race (% White non-Hispanic) | 70 | 89.1 | <0.001 |
Completed some college (%) | 58.5 | 55.3 | 0.412 |
Annual Family Income < $20,000 (%) | 15.1 | 16.2 | 0.589 |
Annual Family Income $20,000 to $75,000 (%) | 54.9 | 52.1 | 0.564 |
Annual Family Income ≥ $75,000 (%) | 30.1 | 31.7 | 0.724 |
BMI (mean ± S.E.), kg/m2 | 28.0 ± 0.3 | 29.8 ± 0.5 | 0.004 |
Normal-Weight (%) | 32.3 | 30.3 | 0.693 |
Overweight (%) | 33.9 | 24.7 | 0.040 |
Obese (%) | 31.2 | 42.2 | 0.006 |
Mean PHQ-9 Depression Score (Scale 0–27) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Used Tobacco/Nicotine in the last 5 days (%) | 31.2 | 33.5 | 0.422 |
Antipsychotic use (%) | 0.6 | 5.9 | 0.048 |
Non-psychiatric medications (mean ± S.E.), n | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
3.2. Energy Intake and Diet Composition
Macronutrient 3 (% Energy) | Antidepressant Non-Users (n = 2818) | Antidepressant Users (n = 221) | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrate (%) | 48.1 ± 0.2 | 48.7 ± 0.6 | 0.484 |
Sugar (%) | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 23.0 ± 0.7 | 0.118 |
Non-sugar carbohydrates (%) | 26.2 ± 0.2 | 25.7 ± 0.5 | 0.413 |
Protein (%) | 15.5 ± 0.1 | 14.9 ± 0.3 | 0.033 |
Total Fat (%) | 33.2 ± 0.2 | 33.8 ± 0.5 | 0.434 |
SFAs (%) | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 11.6 ± 0.2 | 0.191 |
MUFAs (%) | 12.2 ± 0.1 | 12.3 ± 0.2 | 0.650 |
PUFAs (%) | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 0.785 |
Alcohol (%) | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 0.219 |
3.3. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jensen-Otsu, E.; Austin, G.L. Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity. Nutrients 2015, 7, 9662-9671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115489
Jensen-Otsu E, Austin GL. Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity. Nutrients. 2015; 7(11):9662-9671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115489
Chicago/Turabian StyleJensen-Otsu, Elsbeth, and Gregory L. Austin. 2015. "Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity" Nutrients 7, no. 11: 9662-9671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115489
APA StyleJensen-Otsu, E., & Austin, G. L. (2015). Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity. Nutrients, 7(11), 9662-9671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115489