Comparison of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue Area Measured by Computed Tomography with That Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method in Korean Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Anthropometrics
2.3. Biochemical Tests
2.4. Abdominal VFA Estimation by BIA
2.5. Abdominal VFA Measurement Using CT
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Study Populations
All | Men | Women | *p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1006) | (n = 492) | (n = 514) | ||
Age (years) | 55.2 ± 11.8 | 53.7 ± 11.9 | 56.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163.4 ± 8.7 | 169.6 ± 6.1 | 157.4 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 69.0 ± 12.4 | 74.8 ± 11.9 | 63.5 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.4 | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 0.193 |
WC (cm) | 89.2 ± 9.5 | 91.8 ± 8.7 | 86.7 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 129.6 ± 15.2 | 130.5 ± 16.0 | 128.7 ± 14.4 | 0.059 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 10.8 | 79.5 ± 10.9 | 76.7 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
FPG (mg/dL) | 138.1 ± 48.9 | 143.6 ± 49.4 | 132.2 ± 47.8 | 0.001 |
A1c (%) | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 0.018 |
WBC (103/μL) | 6.65 ± 2.13 | 7.02 ± 2.28 | 6.32 ± 1.93 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.2 ± 1.7 | 15.1 ± 1.5 | 13.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Hematocrit (%) | 42.7 ± 4.5 | 45.1 ± 4.0 | 40.6 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Platelet (103/μL) | 241.1 ± 58.2 | 227.6 ± 57.0 | 253.1 ± 56.7 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.9 ± 41.6 | 197.5 ± 40.8 | 204.2 ± 42.0 | 0.011 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 156.2 ± 94.7 | 165.5 ± 97.3 | 147.7 ± 91.5 | 0.005 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.5 ± 14.4 | 49.9 ± 15.5 | 55.0 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109.2 ± 31.1 | 110.4 ± 31.0 | 108.2 ± 31.3 | 0.281 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 14.7 ± 4.6 | 15.1 ± 4.4 | 14.3 ± 4.7 | 0.003 |
Cr (mg/dL) | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 76.0 ± 16.0 | 78.9 ± 16.3 | 73.2 ± 15.2 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 27.3 ± 17.3 | 29.7 ± 21.2 | 25.0 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 32.8 ± 28.7 | 38.3 ± 35.2 | 27.4 ± 19.1 | <0.001 |
Fat area at umbilicus level measured by CT | ||||
VFA by CT (cm2) | 131.9 ± 57.3 | 145.1 ± 60.4 | 119.3 ± 51.1 | <0.001 |
SFA by CT (cm2) | 182.2 ± 83.9 | 148.2 ± 73.4 | 214.7 ± 80.5 | <0.001 |
Body composition by BIA | ||||
Total body water (L) | 35.6 ± 7.1 | 41.0 ± 5.1 | 30.4 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
Lean body mass (kg) | 45.7 ± 9.2 | 52.7 ± 6.6 | 39.0 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
Whole body fat mass (kg) | 21.2 ± 7.5 | 19.8 ± 7.7 | 22.5 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
Whole body fat percent (%) | 30.3 ± 8.1 | 25.6 ± 6.4 | 34.8 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
VFA by BIA (cm2) | 110.5 ± 33.9 | 106.9 ± 34.9 | 113.9 ± 32.6 | 0.001 |
Lifestyles, % | ||||
Smoking | ||||
non/ex-/current | 61.8/18.7/19.5 | 27.3/35.3/37.4 | 95.1/2.8/2.1 | <0.001 |
Alcohol | ||||
non/light to moderate/heavy | 60.3/31.2/8.5 | 35.8/49.9/14.3 | 84.3/12.9/2.8 | <0.001 |
Exercise | ||||
Regular/irregular or Non | 57.3/42.7 | 59.7/40.3 | 54.9/45.1 | 0.002 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 664 (66.0) | 358 (72.8) | 306 (59.5) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 408 (40.8) | 199 (40.7) | 209 (40.8) | 0.968 |
Dyslipidemia | 441 (45.1) | 212 (44.4) | 229 (45.8) | 0.649 |
Medications, n (%) | ||||
Diuretics | 122 (12.1) | 59 (12.0) | 63 (12.3) | 0.898 |
Thiazolidinedione | 47 (4.7) | 26 (5.3) | 21 (4.1) | 0.368 |
3.2. Associations between VFAs Measured by CT and BIA
N | CT-VFA (cm2) | BIA-VFA (cm2) | CT-VFA-BIA-VFA (cm2) | *p | †p | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1006 | 131.9 ± 57.3 | 110.5 ± 33.9 | 21.4 ± 45.6 | <0.001 | 0.481 | |
Gender | <0.001 | ||||||
Men | 492 | 145.1 ± 60.4 | 106.9 ± 34.9 | 38.2 ± 45.9 | <0.001 | 0.438 | |
Women | 512 | 119.3 ± 51.1 | 113.9 ± 32.6 | 5.4 ± 39.2 | 0.002 | 0.577 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||||||
<20 | 23 | 53.5 ± 24.1 | 67.6 ± 16.4 | −14.1 ± 29.2 | 0.031 | −0.008 | |
20–22.9 | 161 | 81.1 ± 37.2 | 77.8 ± 22.9 | 3.2 ± 33.3 | 0.218 | 0.417 | |
23–24.9 | 232 | 113.3 ± 42.7 | 98.3 ± 23.5 | 15.0 ± 39.3 | <0.001 | 0.319 | |
25–26.9 | 248 | 138.6 ± 44.3 | 108.9 ± 19.4 | 29.7 ± 43.5 | <0.001 | 0.140 | |
27–29.9 | 223 | 158.0 ± 52.0 | 125.3 ± 22.8 | 32.8 ± 48.8 | <0.001 | 0.196 | |
≥30 | 119 | 189.3 ± 55.9 | 162.1 ± 31.4 | 27.2 ± 58.4 | <0.001 | 0.145 | |
Age (years) | 0.050 | ||||||
19–39 | 95 | 107.8 ± 64.8 | 99.3 ± 42.8 | 8.5 ± 52.2 | 0.115 | 0.544 | |
40–49 | 205 | 123.5 ± 50.4 | 101.8 ± 33.8 | 21.7 ± 40.4 | <0.001 | 0.496 | |
50–59 | 314 | 131.3 ± 55.1 | 106.8 ± 30.3 | 24.4 ± 44.7 | <0.001 | 0.430 | |
60–69 | 291 | 138.1 ± 55.4 | 116.9 ± 30.5 | 21.2 ± 45.3 | <0.001 | 0.438 | |
≥70 | 101 | 155.8 ± 64.0 | 131.2 ± 32.9 | 24.6 ± 51.4 | <0.001 | 0.441 |
n | r | *p | †p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anemia | Hb ≥ 12 g/dL | 662 | 0.652 | <0.001 | 0.219 |
Hb < 12 g/dL | 37 | 0.510 | 0.001 | ||
Kidney Function | eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 740 | 0.630 | <0.001 | 0.327 |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 103 | 0.563 | <0.001 | ||
Liver Function | ALT ≥ 40 IU/L | 227 | 0.607 | <0.001 | 0.569 |
ALT < 40 IU/L | 771 | 0.579 | <0.001 | ||
AST ≥ 40 IU/L | 111 | 0.503 | <0.001 | 0.144 | |
AST < 40 IU/L | 887 | 0.606 | <0.001 | ||
Diabetes Mellitus | DM (−) | 342 | 0.625 | <0.001 | 0.516 |
DM (+) | 664 | 0.598 | <0.001 | ||
HbA1c < 8% | 428 | 0.574 | <0.001 | 0.223 | |
HbA1c ≥ 8% | 236 | 0.637 | <0.001 | ||
Medications | Diuretics (−) and Thiazolidinedione (−) | 823 | 0.608 | <0.001 | |
Thiazolidinedione (+) | 47 | 0.659 | <0.001 | 0.484 | |
Diuretics (+) | 122 | 0.564 | <0.001 | 0.430 |
3.3. Agreement Levels between VFAs by CT and BIA According to Gender, BMI, and Age
3.4. Subgroup Comparison of CT-VFAs and BIA-VFAs According to Age and BMI Categories by Gender
n | CT-VFA (cm2) | BIA-VFA (cm2) | CT-VFA–BIA-VFA (cm2) | p | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
<25 | 188 | 105.4 ± 45.0 | 84.2 ± 28.0 | 21.2 ± 37.8 | <0.001 | 0.424 |
≥ 25 | 304 | 169.6 ± 55.6 | 120.9 ± 31.2 | 48.8 ± 47.3 | <0.001 | 0.285 |
Age (years) | ||||||
<50 | 175 | 132.4 ± 56.7 | 98.9 ± 36.9 | 33.5 ± 43.4 | <0.001 | 0.472 |
≥50 | 317 | 152.1 ± 61.4 | 111.3 ± 33.0 | 40.8 ± 47.0 | <0.001 | 0.407 |
Women | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
<25 | 228 | 91.0 ± 42.0 | 92.4 ± 22.4 | −1.4 ± 33.8 | 0.539 | 0.496 |
≥25 | 286 | 141.8 ± 46.3 | 131.1 ± 29.1 | 10.7 ± 42.3 | <0.001 | 0.387 |
Age (years) | ||||||
<50 | 125 | 99.1 ± 48.3 | 104.0 ± 36.8 | −4.9 ± 36.4 | 0.135 | 0.638 |
≥50 | 389 | 125.8 ± 50.3 | 117.1 ± 30.5 | 8.7 ± 39.6 | <0.001 | 0.537 |
3.5. New Formula to Predict CT-VFA Using BIA-VFA Data
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Intercept | −184.51 | −323.06 | −45.95 | −142.77 | −277.24 | −8.30 |
BIA-VFA | 1.11 | 0.46 | 1.76 | 1.40 | 0.72 | 2.08 |
Age | −1.49 | −3.61 | 0.63 | −1.29 | −3.68 | 1.10 |
BMI | 2.10 | −3.28 | 7.47 | −0.98 | −6.49 | 4.54 |
WC | 2.03 | 1.33 | 2.72 | 2.14 | 1.55 | 2.73 |
BIA-VFA*BMI | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.01 |
Age*BMI | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.16 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.17 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, D.-H.; Park, K.S.; Ahn, S.; Ku, E.J.; Jung, K.Y.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, K.M.; Moon, J.H.; Choi, S.H.; Park, K.S.; et al. Comparison of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue Area Measured by Computed Tomography with That Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method in Korean Subjects. Nutrients 2015, 7, 10513-10524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125548
Lee D-H, Park KS, Ahn S, Ku EJ, Jung KY, Kim YJ, Kim KM, Moon JH, Choi SH, Park KS, et al. Comparison of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue Area Measured by Computed Tomography with That Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method in Korean Subjects. Nutrients. 2015; 7(12):10513-10524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125548
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Dong-Hwa, Kyeong Seon Park, Soyeon Ahn, Eu Jeong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Yoon Ji Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Kyong Soo Park, and et al. 2015. "Comparison of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue Area Measured by Computed Tomography with That Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method in Korean Subjects" Nutrients 7, no. 12: 10513-10524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125548