Associations between Blood Zinc Concentrations and Sleep Quality in Childhood: A Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Blood Zinc Concentration
2.2.2. Sleep Measures
2.2.3. Socio-Demographic Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and Zinc Profile
N(%) | Mean ± SD (μg/dL) | t/F | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Boys | 403(51.87) | 88.63 ± 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.850 |
Girls | 374(48.13) | 82.96 ± 0.83 | ||
Grade | ||||
6 | 243(31.27) | 87.78 ± 12.40 | 3.75 | 0.024 * |
7 | 222(28.57) | 90.20 ± 16.01 | ||
8 | 312(40.15) | 86.41 ± 17.79 | ||
Mother’s education a | ||||
1. Middle school or less | 318(42.57) | 88.73 ± 15.55 | 0.78 | 0.457 |
2. High school | 165(22.09) | 86.84 ± 15.15 | ||
3. College or higher | 264(35.34) | 87.86 ± 16.78 | ||
Father’s education b | ||||
1. Middle school or less | 222(29.68) | 89.48 ± 14.91 | 1.56 | 0.210 |
2. High school | 215(28.74) | 86.91 ± 14.39 | ||
3. College or higher | 311(41.58) | 87.63 ± 17.47 |
Sleep Quality (Adolescence) | Zinc (Preschool) | Zinc (Adolescence) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | |
Poor | 314 | 81.15 ± 13.27 | 306 | 87.04 ± 15.90 |
Normal | 467 | 83.17 ± 13.17 | 471 | 88.49 ± 15.75 |
Total | 781 | 82.26 ± 13.24 | 777 | 87.92 ±15.82 |
3.2. The Cross-Sectional Association at Preschool and Adolescence
Sleep Variables | OR (Robust SE) | 95% CI | P values |
---|---|---|---|
Sleep subdomain d | |||
Sleep duration | 0.432 (0.115) | (0.257, 0.726) | 0.002 ** |
Sleep disturbances | 0.454 (0.138) | (0.250, 0.823) | 0.009 ** |
Sleep latency | 0.727 (0.139) | (0.499, 1.060) | 0.097 |
Day dysfunction due to sleepiness | 0.853 (0.287) | (0.441, 1.650) | 0.637 |
Sleep efficiency | 0.759 (0.361) | (0.299, 1.927) | 0.563 |
Subjective sleep quality | 0.705 (0.225) | (0.377, 1.319) | 0.274 |
Sleep medication use | 0.623 (0.472) | (0.141, 2.744) | 0.532 |
Poor sleep quality c | 0.559 (0.164) | (0.314, 0.997) | 0.049 * |
3.3. The Longitudinal Association
Sleep Variables | OR (Robust SE) | 95% CI | p values |
---|---|---|---|
Sleep subdomain c | |||
Sleep duration | 1.187 (0.479) | (0.538, 2.621) | 0.670 |
Sleep disturbances | 1.103 (0.407) | (0.535, 2.275) | 0.790 |
Sleep latency | 0.870 (0.374) | (0.373,2.019) | 0.742 |
Day dysfunction due to sleepiness | 0.602 (0.185) | (0.330, 1.101) | 0.100 |
Sleep efficiency | 0.186 (0.088) | (0.073, 0.470) | 0.000 ** |
Subjective sleep quality | 0.560 (0.327) | (0.179, 1.756) | 0.321 |
Sleep medication use | 1.504 (1.718) | (0.160, 14.116) | 0.721 |
Poor sleep quality d | 0.358 (0.159) | (0.150, 0.853) | 0.020* |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ji, X.; Liu, J. Associations between Blood Zinc Concentrations and Sleep Quality in Childhood: A Cohort Study. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5684-5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075247
Ji X, Liu J. Associations between Blood Zinc Concentrations and Sleep Quality in Childhood: A Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5684-5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075247
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Xiaopeng, and Jianghong Liu. 2015. "Associations between Blood Zinc Concentrations and Sleep Quality in Childhood: A Cohort Study" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5684-5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075247