Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Dietary Intake
2.3. Identification of Dietary Patterns
2.4. Assessment of Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Assessment of Other Variables
2.6. Definition of Terms
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Food Groups | Dietary Patterns | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Food | Traditional Chinese | Western Fast-Food | High-Salt | |
Rice | 0.476 | 0.560 | - | - |
Steamed bun/noodles | - | 0.411 | - | - |
Coarse grains | - | 0.544 | - | - |
Tubers | - | 0.535 | - | - |
Fresh vegetables and fruits | - | 0.540 | - | - |
Pickled vegetables | - | - | - | 0.561 |
Mushroom | 0.462 | - | - | - |
Red meat | 0.650 | - | - | - |
Processed and cooked meat | - | - | - | 0.517 |
Fish and shrimp | 0.599 | 0.530 | - | - |
Seafood | 0.568 | - | - | - |
Bacon and salted fish | - | - | - | 0.601 |
Miscellaneous bean | - | 0.535 | - | - |
Bean sauce | - | - | - | 0.436 |
Fats/oils | 0.402 | - | - | - |
Fast foods | - | - | 0.467 | - |
Snacks | - | - | 0.456 | - |
Chocolates | - | - | 0.485 | - |
Coffee | - | - | 0.450 | - |
Drinks | - | - | 0.561 | - |
Tea | - | 0.438 | - | |
Variance of intake explained (%) | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 6.0 |
Animal Food | *p | Traditional Chinese | *p | Western Fast-Food | *p | High-Salt | *p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 640) | Q4 (n = 640) | Q1 (n = 640) | Q4 (n = 640) | Q1 (n = 640) | Q4 (n = 640) | Q1 (n = 640) | Q4 (n = 640) | |||||
Age (year) | 51.8 ± 0.3 | 50.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 50.0 ± 0.2 | 51.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 51.5 ± 0.2 | 49.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 50.7 ± 0.2 | 51.0 ± 0.2 | 0.789 |
Gender (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Male | 328(51.2) | 454(70.9) | 543(84.8) | 208(32.5) | 433(67.6) | 336(52.5) | 323(50.5) | 413(64.5) | ||||
Female | 312(48.8) | 186(29.1) | 97(15.2) | 432(67.5) | 207(32.4) | 304(47.5) | 317(49.5) | 227(35.5) | ||||
Obesity (%) | 65(10.1) | 108(16.8) | <0.001 | 113(17.6) | 53(8.3) | <0.001 | 99(15.5) | 68(10.7) | 0.01 | 79(12.3) | 95(14.9) | 0.374 |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 215(33.6) | 258(40.3) | 0.002 | 254(39.7) | 211(33.0) | 0.004 | 248(38.8) | 229(35.8) | 0.149 | 225(35.2) | 232(36.3) | 0.600 |
Hypertension (%) | 196(30.7) | 223(34.9) | 0.213 | 261(40.8) | 176(27.5) | <0.001 | 210(32.8) | 162(25.3) | 0.035 | 171(26.7) | 215(33.6) | 0.030 |
Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.708 | 0.011 | ||||||||
Current | 121(18.9) | 253(39.5) | 319(49.9) | 68(10.7) | 176(27.5) | 184(28.8) | 148(23.2) | 195(30.4) | ||||
Former | 7(1.1) | 11(1.7) | 5(0.8) | 5(0.8) | 4(0.6) | 6(0.9) | 6(0.9) | 7(1.1) | ||||
Never | 512(80.0) | 376(58.8) | 316(49.3) | 567(88.5) | 460(71.9) | 450(70.3) | 486(75.9) | 438(68.5) | ||||
Education level (%) | <0.001 | 0.551 | 0.588 | <0.001 | ||||||||
<High school | 230(36.0) | 91(14.2) | 162(25.3) | 143(22.4) | 152(23.7) | 133(20.8) | 116(18.1) | 177(27.7) | ||||
High school | 222(34.7) | 172(26.9) | 200(31.2) | 196(30.7) | 191(29.9) | 191(29.9) | 189(29.6) | 203(31.7) | ||||
>High school | 188(29.3) | 377(58.9) | 278(43.5) | 301(46.9) | 297(46.4) | 316(49.3) | 335(52.3) | 260(40.6) | ||||
Average monthly income per person (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
≤2000 (RMB) | 261(40.8) | 111(17.3) | 218(34.1) | 160(25.0) | 207(32.4) | 141(22.1) | 123(19.2) | 225(35.2) | ||||
2000-3000 (RMB) | 268(41.9) | 244(38.1) | 257(40.1) | 245(38.3) | 269(42.1) | 219(34.2) | 244(38.2) | 253(39.5) | ||||
>3000 (RMB) | 111(17.3) | 285(44.6) | 165(25.8) | 235(36.7) | 164(25.5) | 280(43.7) | 273(42.6) | 162(25.3) | ||||
Physical activity (%) | <0.001 | 0.116 | 0.550 | 0.346 | ||||||||
Light | 452(70.7) | 568(88.8) | 506(79.1) | 535(83.6) | 517(80.8) | 532(83.1) | 543(84.8) | 516(80.7) | ||||
Moderate | 143(22.3) | 66(10.3) | 106(16.6) | 95(14.9) | 103(16.1) | 96(15.0) | 76(11.9) | 102(15.9) | ||||
Vigorous | 45(7.0) | 6(0.9) | 28(4.3) | 10(1.5) | 20(3.1) | 12(1.9) | 21(3.3) | 22(3.4) | ||||
Total energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1707.1 ± 254.8 | 1757.6 ± 289.1 | 0.457 | 1830.6 ± 323.5 | 1631.6 ± 224.2 | <0.001 | 1738.4 ± 269.7 | 1724.5 ± 311.8 | 0.513 | 1620.7 ± 224.8 | 1840.2 ± 320.0 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | p | WHR | p | WC (cm) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal food pattern | ||||||
Q1 (n = 640) | 24.27 ± 2.81 | 0.035 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.533 | 84.02 ± 8.68 | 0.002 |
Q4 (n = 640) | 25.10 ± 3.12 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 87.35 ± 9.04 | |||
Traditional Chinese pattern | ||||||
Q1 (n = 640) | 25.13 ± 2.95 | 0.023 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.030 | 87.78 ± 8.90 | <0.001 |
Q4 (n = 640) | 24.01 ± 2.76 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 82.63 ± 8.45 | |||
Western fast-food pattern | ||||||
Q1 (n = 640) | 24.93 ± 3.00 | 0.217 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.078 | 86.97 ± 8.58 | 0.193 |
Q4 (n = 640) | 24.43 ± 2.93 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 84.85 ± 8.91 | |||
High-salt pattern | ||||||
Q1 (n = 640) | 24.40 ± 3.11 | 0.259 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.986 | 84.79 ± 9.63 | 0.777 |
Q4 (n = 640) | 24.83 ± 2.96 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 85.98 ± 8.61 |
BMI (kg/m2) | p | WC (cm) | p | WHR | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal food pattern | ||||||
Males | 0.082 | 0.018 | 0.102 | 0.009 | 0.055 | 0.261 |
Females | 0.144 | 0.004 | 0.132 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.637 |
Traditional Chinese pattern | ||||||
Males | −0.047 | 0.042 | −0.067 | 0.031 | −0.062 | 0.035 |
Females | −0.116 | 0.039 | −0.113 | 0.045 | −0.007 | 0.826 |
Western fast-food pattern | ||||||
Males | −0.031 | 0.318 | −0.022 | 0.344 | −0.013 | 0.711 |
Females | −0.023 | 0.649 | −0.046 | 0.360 | −0.078 | 0.120 |
High-salt pattern | ||||||
Males | 0.002 | 0.945 | 0.008 | 0.806 | 0.027 | 0.517 |
Females | 0.104 | 0.039 | 0.024 | 0.632 | 0.019 | 0.807 |
Animal Food Pattern Score | Traditional Chinese pattern Score | Western Fast-Food Pattern Score | High-Salt Pattern Score | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q4 | p | Q1 | Q4 | p | Q1 | Q4 | p | Q1 | Q4 | p | |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||||||||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.55 (1.144, 2.107) | 0.005 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.488, 0.936) | 0.018 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.628, 1.153) | 0.297 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.764, 1.382) | 0.856 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.191, 2.345) | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.438, 0.891) | 0.009 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.541, 1.143) | 0.358 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.705, 1.352) | 0.886 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.188, 2.340) | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.441, 0.901) | 0.011 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.625, 1.225) | 0.437 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.673, 1.320) | 0.731 |
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shu, L.; Zheng, P.-F.; Zhang, X.-Y.; Si, C.-J.; Yu, X.-L.; Gao, W.; Zhang, L.; Liao, D. Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7995-8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095376
Shu L, Zheng P-F, Zhang X-Y, Si C-J, Yu X-L, Gao W, Zhang L, Liao D. Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7995-8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095376
Chicago/Turabian StyleShu, Long, Pei-Fen Zheng, Xiao-Yan Zhang, Cai-Juan Si, Xiao-Long Yu, Wei Gao, Lun Zhang, and Dan Liao. 2015. "Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 7, no. 9: 7995-8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095376