Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Original Data and Samples
2.2. Measures
2.3. Definition of MetS
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Eckel, R.H.; Grundy, S.M.; Zimmet, P.Z. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005, 365, 1415–1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, S.; Weitzman, M.; Auinger, P.; Nguyen, M.; Dietz, W.H. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2003, 157, 821–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ford, E.S. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: A summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 1769–1778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrison, J.A.; Friedman, L.A.; Wang, P.; Glueck, C.J. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later. J. Pediatr. 2008, 152, 201–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrison, J.A.; Friedman, L.A.; Gray-McGuire, C. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: The Princeton lipid research clinics follow-up study. Pediatrics 2007, 120, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.H.; Chong, C.U. Prevalence and 10-year trend of metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents: 1998–2008 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Korean J. Aesthet. Soc. 2010, 8, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Dias Pitangueira, J.C.; Silva, L.R.; de Santana, M.L.P.; da Silva, M.D.M.; de Farias Costa, P.R.; D’Almeida, V.; de Assis, A.M. Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in children and adolescents of a Brazilian municipality. Nutr. Hosp. 2014, 29, 865–872. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kelishadi, R.; Cook, S.R.; Motlagh, M.E.; Gouya, M.M.; Ardalan, G.; Motaghian, M.; Majdzadeh, R.; Ramezani, M.A. Metabolically obese normal weight and phenotypically obese metabolically normal youths: The CASPIAN Study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2008, 108, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinberger, J.; Daniels, S.R.; Eckel, R.H.; Hayman, L.; Lustig, R.H.; McCrindle, B.; Mietus-Snyder, M.L.; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2009, 119, 628–647. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jin, S.Y.; Kim, S.W.; Kim, S.B. Prevalence and criteria of metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents. J. Korean Soc. Living Eviron. Syst. 2014, 21, 214–222. [Google Scholar]
- Nam, H.M.; Choi, M.J. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in Korean children and adolescents and nutrition intakes: Using 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Community Nutr. 2014, 19, 133–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, M.J.; Seong, J.W.; Sohn, K.J.; Ko, B.J.; Han, J.H.; Kim, S.M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. J. Korean Acad. Fam. Med. 2006, 27, 798–806. [Google Scholar]
- Yoon, Y.S. Trends of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Children and Adolescents: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ph.D. Thesis, Ulsan University, Ulsan, Korea, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, Y.G.; Song, H.J.; Kang, J.H. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents according to the international diabetes federation definition in children and adolescents. J. Korean Acad. Fam. Med. 2009, 30, 261–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huh, K. Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Children and Adolescents: From the Korean NHANES 1998~2007 Data Analysis. Master’s Thesis, Inje University, Inje, Korea, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, R.; Bhansali, A.; Sialy, R.; Aggarwal, A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents from a north Indian population. Diabet. Med. 2007, 24, 195–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ford, E.S.; Li, C. Defining the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Will the real definition please stand up? J. Pediatr. 2008, 152, 160–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rashidi, H.; Payami, S.P.; Latifi, S.M.; Karandish, M.; Moravey, A.A.; Aminzadeh, M.; Riahi, K.; Ghasemi, M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its correlated factors among children and adolescents of Ahvaz aged 10–19. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2014, 28, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Juonala, M.; Magnussen, C.G.; Berenson, G.S.; Venn, A.; Burns, T.L.; Sabin, M.A.; Srinivasan, S.R.; Daniels, S.R.; Davis, P.H.; Chen, W.; et al. Childhood adiposity, adults adipodity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365, 1876–1885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Health and Welfare; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ransforms into the Seoul Social Economy Centre and Seoul Youth Hub. In Guidebook of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Kwon, S., Kwak, S., Eds.; Ministry of Health and Welfare; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Seoul, Korea, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; The Korean Pediatric Society. 2007 Korean Children and Adolescents Growth Standard; The Korean Pediatric Society: Seoul, Korea, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Zimmet, P.; Alberti, K.G.; Kaufman, F.; Tajima, N.; Silink, M.; Arslanian, S.; Wong, G.; Bennett, P.; Shaw, J.; Caprio, S.; et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents—An IDF consensus report. Pediatr. Diabetes 2007, 8, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, S.Y.; Park, H.S.; Kim, D.J.; Han, J.H.; Kim, S.M.; Cho, G.J.; Kimg, D.Y.; Kwonh, H.S.; Kimh, S.R.; Lee, C.B.; et al. Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2007, 75, 72–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, W.; Xu, J.; Srinvasan, S.R.; Berensn, G.S.; Li, S. Metabolic syndrome variables at low levels in childhood are beneficially associated with adulthood cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, Y.; Pratt, C.A. Metabolic syndrome and its association with diet and physical activity in US adolescents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2008, 108, 276–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, P.; Jiang, R.; Liu, C.; Yang, F.; Qiu, Y. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in school adolescents of northeast China. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 27, 525–532. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhai, F.; Kok, F.J.; Zhao, W.; Piao, J.; Zhang, J.; Ma, G. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 565–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, S.S.; Liang, R.; Huang, T.T.; Daniels, S.R.; Arslanian, S.; Liu, K.; Grave, G.D.; Siervogel, R.M. Childhood obesity predicts adults metabolic syndrome: The Fels longitudinal study. J. Pediatr. 2008, 152, 191–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Education; Science and Technology; Ministry of Health and Welfare; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Tenth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey; Kwon, S., Kwak, S., Eds.; Ministry of Education; Science and Technology; Ministry of Health and Welfare; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Seoul, Korea, 2014. [Google Scholar]
Criteria | NCEP-ATP III | IDF |
---|---|---|
Diagnostic Criteria | Three of more of the following | Abdominal obesity and two other criteria |
Waist circumference | ≥90th percentile for age and gender | ≥90 percentile for age and gender (<16 yr) |
≥90 cm for male, ≥85 cm for female (≥16 yr) | ||
Fasting glucose | ≥110 mg/dL | ≥100 mg/dL or diabetes |
Blood pressure | ≥90th percentile for age, gender and height (<18 yr) ≥130/85 mmHg (≥18 yr) | ≥130/85 mmHg (<16 yr) |
≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for | ||
hypertension (≥16 yr) | ||
Triglycerides | ≥110 mg/dL | ≥150 mg/dL (<16 yr) |
≥150 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated | ||
triglycerides (≥16 yr) | ||
HDL-C | <40 mg/dL | <40 mg/dL (<16 yr) |
<40 mg/dL for male, <50 mg/dL for female or drug treatment for low HDL-C (≥16 yr) |
Variables | Boys (n = 1249) | Girls (n = 1081) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 0.883 |
Height (cm) | 163.2 ± 12.8 | 156.6 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 56.1 ± 15.3 | 49.7 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.7 ± 3.8 | 20.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
Metabolic characteristics | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 70.6 ± 10.3 | 66.5 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 107.0 ± 11.0 | 103.0 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 64.8 ± 10.1 | 64.7 ± 8.4 | 0.744 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 79.7 ± 43.8 | 86.0 ± 51.5 | 0.001 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.8 ± 10.5 | 55.3 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.6 ± 7.9 | 88.9 ± 9.8 | 0.047 |
Total | Modified NCEP-ATP III | IDF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified NCEP-ATP III | IDF | Boys | Girls | p | Boys | Girls | p | |
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 5.7 | 2.1 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 0.687 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.613 |
Diagnostic components | ||||||||
Abdominal obesity (%) | 9.7 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 11.0 | 0.055 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 0.760 |
Elevated blood pressure (%) | 20.4 | 2.4 | 20.2 | 20.6 | 0.787 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.001 |
High triglycerides (%) | 21.2 | 7.8 | 20.3 | 22.3 | 0.249 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 0.389 |
Low HDL-C (%) | 11.6 | 13.6 | 12.7 | 10.3 | 0.064 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 0.165 |
Elevated fasting glucose (%) | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 0.152 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 0.152 |
No. of diagnostic components (%) | ||||||||
1 | 32.6 | 23.7 | 32.0 | 33.2 | 0.912 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 0.748 |
2 | 11.8 | 7.3 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 7.8 | 6.8 | ||
3 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | ||
4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | ||
5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Classification | MetS | Modified NCEP-ATP III | IDF | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified NCEP-ATP III | IDF | Diagnostic Components | Diagnostic Components | |||||||||
Abd Obesity | High TG | Elevated BP | Low HDL-C | Elevated FG | Abd Obesity | High TG | Elevated BP | Low HDL-C | Elevated FG | |||
Total | ||||||||||||
Normal (n = 1,906) | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 0.7 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 10.5 | 9.9 |
Overweight (n = 161) | 13.0 | 5.6 | 28.4 | 37.9 | 17.4 | 16.1 | 18.0 | 30.4 | 16.1 | 2.5 | 17.4 | 18.0 |
Obese (n = 263) | 29.7 | 12.2 | 64.6 | 42.6 | 31.2 | 29.3 | 17.9 | 59.3 | 20.9 | 7.6 | 34.2 | 17.9 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Boys | ||||||||||||
Normal (n = 1,014) | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 15.3 | 17.9 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 0.4 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 9.9 | 10.8 |
Overweight (n = 71) | 9.9 | 4.2 | 15.5 | 47.9 | 16.9 | 14.1 | 18.3 | 29.6 | 19.7 | 4.2 | 14.1 | 18.3 |
Obese (n = 164) | 29.9 | 11.0 | 57.3 | 39.6 | 35.4 | 29.9 | 18.3 | 57.3 | 17.7 | 11.0 | 29.9 | 18.3 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Girls | ||||||||||||
Normal (n = 892) | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 18.7 | 20.5 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 1.0 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 11.2 | 8.9 |
Overweight (n = 90) | 15.6 | 6.7 | 32.2 | 30.0 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 31.1 | 13.3 | 1.1 | 20.0 | 17.8 |
Obese (n = 99) | 29.3 | 14.1 | 76.8 | 47.5 | 24.2 | 28.3 | 17.2 | 62.6 | 26.3 | 2.0 | 41.4 | 17.2 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.541 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.486 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, S.; So, W.-Y. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation. Nutrients 2016, 8, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100588
Kim S, So W-Y. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation. Nutrients. 2016; 8(10):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100588
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Seonho, and Wi-Young So. 2016. "Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation" Nutrients 8, no. 10: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100588