Associations of Milk Consumption and Vitamin B2 and Β12 Derived from Milk with Fitness, Anthropometric and Biochemical Indices in Children. The Healthy Growth Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Dietary Intake
2.3. Measurement of Haematological and Biochemical Indices
2.4. Cardio-Respiratory Fitness and Muscle (Handgrip) Strength
2.5. Anthropometric Indices
2.6. Physical Activity Levels
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Dependent Variable(s) | Independent Variable: Milk Intake (mL/Day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Biochemical indices (serum lipids) | ||||||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.02 | 0.593 | −0.02 | 0.624 | −0.02 | 0.635 | - | - |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.11 | 0.010 | −0.07 | 0.085 | −0.07 | 0.095 | - | - |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.11 | 0.007 | 0.08 | 0.055 | 0.07 | 0.064 | - | - |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.07 | 0.085 | −0.06 | 0.184 | −0.05 | 0.198 | - | - |
Biochemical indices (iron status) | ||||||||
Ferritin (pmol/L) | −0.08 | 0.042 | −0.05 | 0.196 | −0.07 | 0.080 | - | - |
Transferrin saturation (%) | 0.02 | 0.632 | −0.01 | 0.835 | −0.02 | 0.572 | - | - |
Biochemical indices (inflammation markers) | ||||||||
White Blood cells (109/L) | −0.21 | 0.610 | −0.02 | 0.685 | −0.01 | 0.872 | −0.02 | 0.670 |
Lymph cells (%) | 0.20 | 0.631 | 0.17 | 0.681 | 0.01 | 0.778 | 0.01 | 0.750 |
CRP (nmol/L) | −0.10 | 0.013 | −0.07 | 0.114 | −0.07 | 0.115 | −0.06 | 0.132 |
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 0.02 | 0.698 | 0.02 | 0.624 | 0.03 | 0.515 | 0.02 | 0.594 |
Fitness indices | ||||||||
Endurance Run test Stages | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.017 | - | - |
Right handgrip strength | −0.02 | 0.590 | 0.001 | 0.982 | 0.01 | 0.782 | - | - |
Left handgrip strength | −0.01 | 0.826 | 0.03 | 0.504 | 0.04 | 0.333 | - | - |
Anthropometrical indices | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 0.003 | 0.944 | −0.01 | 0.818 | 0.01 | 0.892 | 0.02 | 0.601 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | −0.13 | 0.002 | −0.09 | 0.038 | −0.07 | 0.111 | −0.10 | 0.014 |
Dependent Variable(s): | Independent Variable: Vitamin B2 Derived from Milk (mg/Day) | Independent Variable: Vitamin B12 Derived from Milk (mg/Day) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Biochemical indices (serum lipids) | ||||||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.02 | 0.600 | −0.02 | 0.591 | −0.02 | 0.542 | −0.03 | 0.525 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.08 | 0.056 | −0.07 | 0.073 | −0.08 | 0.067 | −0.07 | 0.090 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.08 | 0.041 | 0.07 | 0.082 | 0.07 | 0.099 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.07 | 0.081 | −0.06 | 0.149 | −0.07 | 0.092 | −0.06 | 0.171 |
Biochemical indices (iron status) | ||||||||
Ferritin (pmol/L) | −0.07 | 0.135 | −0.08 | 0.057 | −0.08 | 0.076 | −0.09 | 0.029 |
Transferrin saturation (%) | −0.02 | 0.641 | −0.04 | 0.297 | 0.02 | 0.717 | −0.04 | 0.337 |
Biochemical indices (inflammation markers) | ||||||||
White Blood cells (109/L) | −0.006 | 0.891 | −0.003 | 0.936 | 0.001 | 0.998 | 0.001 | 0.975 |
Lymph cells (%) | 0.01 | 0.745 | 0.02 | 0.703 | 0.01 | 0.733 | 0.02 | 0.679 |
CRP (nmol/L) | −0.07 | 0.112 | −0.08 | 0.080 | −0.08 | 0.098 | −0.08 | 0.085 |
Interleukin−6 (pg/mL) | 0.02 | 0.546 | 0.02 | 0.610 | 0.03 | 0.477 | 0.02 | 0.568 |
Fitness indices | ||||||||
Endurance Run test Stages | 0.11 | 0.006 | 0.10 | 0.015 | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.10 | 0.014 |
Right handgrip strength | 0.01 | 0.884 | 0.02 | 0.702 | 0.01 | 0.789 | 0.02 | 0.627 |
Left handgrip strength | 0.03 | 0.466 | 0.04 | 0.344 | 0.03 | 0.467 | 0.04 | 0.357 |
Anthropometrical indices | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 0.003 | 0.952 | 0.03 | 0.555 | −0.004 | 0.920 | 0.02 | 0.632 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | −0.07 | 0.114 | −0.05 | 0.252 | −0.07 | 0.082 | −0.06 | 0.192 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (n = 600) | Boys (n = 296) | Girls (n = 304) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Age (years) | 11.2 (0.7) | 11.2 (0.6) | 11.2 (0.7) | 0.441 |
Dietary intake indices | ||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1875 (556) | 1987 (559) | 1765 (532) | <0.001 |
Total fat intake (g/day) | 85 (32) | 90 (33) | 80 (30) | <0.001 |
Monounsaturated fat intake (g/day) | 39 (17) | 42 (18) | 37 (15) | <0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fat intake (g/day) | 11 (9) | 11 (7) | 12 (11) | 0.742 |
Saturated fat intake (g/day) | 31 (12) | 33 (13) | 29 (11) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol intake (mg/day) | 241 (120) | 254 (123) | 228 (115) | 0.010 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 72 (24) | 77 (24) | 67 (22) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 215 (69) | 227 (69) | 203 (67) | <0.001 |
Fibre intake (g/day) | 15 (8) | 16 (8) | 14 (8) | 0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 1086 (409) | 1147 (426) | 1025 (382) | <0.001 |
Folate intake (μg/day) | 249 (134) | 269 (137) | 230 (128) | <0.001 |
Vitamin B2 intake (mg/day) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Vitamin B6 intake (mg/day) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Vitamin B12 intake (μg/day) | 4.8 (3.7) | 5.2 (4.3) | 4.3 (2.9) | 0.001 |
Milk consumption (mL/day) † | 310 (181–488) | 364 (244–516) | 258 (129–440) | 0.002 |
Haematological indices | ||||
Haemoglobin (g/100 mL) | 13.2 (0.86) | 13.3 (0.85) | 13.2 (0.87) | 0.155 |
Biochemical indices (serum) | ||||
Lipids and lipoproteins | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.33 (0.85) | 4.37 (0.86) | 4.29 (0.84) | 0.238 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.71 (0.35) | 0.66 (0.32) | 0.75 (0.37) | 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.56 (0.41) | 1.59 (0.40) | 1.53 (0.41) | 0.098 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.45 (0.67) | 2.48 (0.69) | 2.41 (0.64) | 0.202 |
Inflammation markers | ||||
White Blood cells (109/L) | 6.62 (1.50) | 6.56 (1.45) | 6.67 (1.54) | 0.348 |
Lymph cells (%) | 37.9 (7.88) | 38.3 (7.47) | 37.6 (8.25) | 0.242 |
CRP (nmol/L) † | 5.59 (2.04–14.3) | 7.45 (2.37–17.4) | 4.69 (1.70–11.9) | <0.001 |
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.14 (1.04) | 1.14 (0.95) | 1.13 (1.12) | 0.959 |
Zinc, iron and B vitamin status markers | ||||
Zinc (μmol/L) | 12.4 (1.8) | 12.6 (2.0) | 12.1 (1.8) | <0.001 |
Iron (μmol/L) | 15.1 (6.2) | 14.8 (6.04) | 15.3 (6.35) | 0.257 |
Ferritin (pmol/L) | 67.3 (40.5) | 74.4 (45.6) | 60.3 (33.5) | <0.001 |
Transferrin saturation (%) | 25 (10) | 25 (10) | 25 (11) | 0.999 |
Plasma riboflavin (μmol/L) † | 117.0 (82.5–169.6) | 114.4 (85.1–156.3) | 117.0 (79.8–183.5) | 0.448 |
Plasma total homocysteine (μmol/L) | 5.7 (1.8) | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.6 (1.9) | 0.170 |
Plasma methylmalonic acid (nmol/L) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.709 |
Fitness indices | ||||
Endurance Run test Stages | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Right handgrip strength | 19.5 (4.5) | 20.3 (4.3) | 18.8 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Left handgrip strength | 18.6 (4.4) | 19.2 (4.3) | 18.0 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Anthropometrical indices | ||||
Height (cm) | 149.5 (7.7) | 149.0 (7.5) | 150.0 (7.9) | 0.097 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 20.5 (3.9) | 20.7 (3.9) | 20.4 (3.8) | 0.334 |
Physical activity indices | ||||
Steps (no per day) | 13,105 (4777) | 14,497 (4933) | 11,749 (4205) | <0.001 |
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Moschonis, G.; Van den Heuvel, E.G.H.M.; Mavrogianni, C.; Singh-Povel, C.M.; Leotsinidis, M.; Manios, Y. Associations of Milk Consumption and Vitamin B2 and Β12 Derived from Milk with Fitness, Anthropometric and Biochemical Indices in Children. The Healthy Growth Study. Nutrients 2016, 8, 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100634
Moschonis G, Van den Heuvel EGHM, Mavrogianni C, Singh-Povel CM, Leotsinidis M, Manios Y. Associations of Milk Consumption and Vitamin B2 and Β12 Derived from Milk with Fitness, Anthropometric and Biochemical Indices in Children. The Healthy Growth Study. Nutrients. 2016; 8(10):634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100634
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoschonis, George, Ellen G. H. M. Van den Heuvel, Christina Mavrogianni, Cécile M. Singh-Povel, Michalis Leotsinidis, and Yannis Manios. 2016. "Associations of Milk Consumption and Vitamin B2 and Β12 Derived from Milk with Fitness, Anthropometric and Biochemical Indices in Children. The Healthy Growth Study" Nutrients 8, no. 10: 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100634