Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract
2.2. Animals and Diets
3. Results
3.1. Composition of Platycosides in PGE
3.2. PGE Supplement Lowered Body Weight Gain and Improved Plasma Lipid Profiles and Adipokine Levels in DIO Mice
3.3. PGE Improved Insulin Resistance and Glucose Tolerance by Modulating Activities of Hepatic Glucose-Regulating Enzymes in DIO Mice
3.4. PGE Supplement Decreased Body Fat Mass by Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation-Related Gene Expression and Energy Expenditure in DIO Mice
3.5. PGE Supplement Lowered the Levels of Hepatic Lipids and Lipotoxicity Markers by Altering Hepatic Lipogenic Gene Expression and Enzyme Activities in DIO Mice
4. Discussion
4.1. PGE Normalized Body Weight Gain and Fat Mass and Increased Expression of Browning Markers in eWAT
4.2. PGE Lowered Inflammatory Adipokines and Improved Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis by Alteration of Lipogenic Gene Expression and Glucose Metabolism
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACAT | acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase |
ACC | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
BAT | brown adipose tissue |
FAS | fatty acid synthase |
HFD | high-fat diet |
HMGCR | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase |
PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
PGC1α | PPARγ coactivator-1α |
PGE | Platycodon grandiflorus root ethanol extract |
SCD1 | stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 |
SIRT1 | sirtuin1 |
SREBP | sterol regulatory element-binding proteins |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
UCP1 | uncoupling protein 1 |
WAT | white adipose tissue |
eWAT | epididydimal white adipose tissue |
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Kim, Y.J.; Choi, J.-Y.; Ryu, R.; Lee, J.; Cho, S.-J.; Kwon, E.-Y.; Lee, M.-K.; Liu, K.-H.; Rina, Y.; Sung, M.-K.; et al. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2016, 8, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090532
Kim YJ, Choi J-Y, Ryu R, Lee J, Cho S-J, Kwon E-Y, Lee M-K, Liu K-H, Rina Y, Sung M-K, et al. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Nutrients. 2016; 8(9):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090532
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ye Jin, Ji-Young Choi, Ri Ryu, Jeonghyeon Lee, Su-Jung Cho, Eun-Young Kwon, Mi-Kyung Lee, Kwang-Hyeon Liu, Yu Rina, Mi-Kyung Sung, and et al. 2016. "Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue" Nutrients 8, no. 9: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090532