Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Brain Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Neurodevelopmental Windows
3. Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis
4. Probiotics
5. Prebiotics
6. Synbiotics
7. Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study (Reference) | Cohort Population | Probiotic Used | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Messaoudi et al. (2011) [75,76] | 55 healthy human volunteers plus 25 subjects with urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels less than 50 ng/mL (less stressed subjects), 10 subjects received the probiotic and 15 placebo. | Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 (PF) | Beneficial effects on anxiety and depression related behaviors in healthy human volunteers and volunteers with lower levels of cortisol |
Benton et al. (2007) [77] | 124 healthy adults volunteers were randomly allocated to a group that consumed, on a daily basis, a probiotic-containing milk drink or a placebo | Lactobacillus casei Shirota | The consumption of a probiotic-containing yoghurt improved the mood of those whose mood was initially poor. However, there was not an increased frequency of defaecation. |
Steenbergen et al. (2015) [78] | 40 healthy young adults were randomly assigned to receive a 4-week intervention of either placebo or multispecies probiotics in a triple-blind intervention assessment design. | Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, and Lactococcus lactis (W19 and W58) | Participants who received multispecies probiotics showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts. |
Akkasheh et al. (2016) [79] | 40 patients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) whose age ranged between 20 and 55 years were randomized. | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. | Patients who received probiotic supplements had significantly decreased Beck Depression Inventory total scores |
Marcos et al. (2004) [80] | 136 university students were randomized. | Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus plus Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 | There was no significant treatment effect on anxiety. |
Romijn et al. (2017) [81] | 79 participants not currently taking psychotropic medications with at least moderate scores on self-report mood measures. Participants were randomly allocated to receive a probiotic preparation or placebo. | Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum | No significant difference was found between the probiotic and placebo groups on any psychological outcome measured. |
Jadrešin et al. (2017) [83] | 55 children with age between 4 and 18 years old, diagnosed as functional abdominal pain (FAP) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly allocated. | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Administration of L. reuteri DSM 17938 was associated with a possible reduction of the intensity of pain and significantly more days without pain in children with FAP and IBS |
Giannetti et al. (2016) [85] | 48 children with IBS aged between 8 and 17.9 years and 25 with functional dyspepsia (FD) with age between 8 and 16.6 years were randomized. | Bifidobacterium infantis M-63, breve M-16V, and longum BB536 | In children with IBS a mixture of Bifidobacteria is associated with improvement in abdominal pain (AP) and quality of life (QoL). |
Kałużna-Czaplińska et al. (2012) [87] | 22 autistic children. | Lactobacillus acidophilus | The probiotic supplementation let to a significant decrease in d-arabinitol (DA) and the ratio of d-/l-arabinitol (DA/LA) and to a significant improvement in ability of concentration and carrying out orders |
West et al. (2013) [88] | 33 ASD children. | Delpro® (Lactocillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbruecki, Bifidobacteria longum, Bifidobacteria bifidum) | 88% reported a decrease in total autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) score, an improvement of ASD symptoms. Participants also had significant improvements in all ATEC domains (speech/language/communication, sociability, sensory/cognitive awareness, and health/physical/behavior) |
Tomova et al. (2015) [89] | 10 children with autism, 9 siblings and 10 healthy children. | “Children Dophilus” containing three strains of Lactobacillus (60%), two strains of Bifidobacterium (25%), and one strain of Streptococcus (15%) | Probiotic diet supplementation normalized the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Desulfovibrio spp. and the amount of Bifidobacterium spp. in feces of autistic children. No significant difference was found to reduce symptom severity in patients with autism. |
Santocchi et al. (2016) [90] | 100 preschoolers with ASD on the basis of a symptom severity index specific to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Patients with and without GI disorders were blind randomized to regular diet with probiotics or with placebo | “Vivomixx®” (one strain of Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731, three strains of Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24732, B. longum DSM 24736, B. infantis DSM 24737), and four strains of Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24735, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24730, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24733, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24734)) | Ongoing study |
Dickerson et al. (2014) [91] and Tomasik et al. (2015) [92] | 32 patients healthy and 33 patients with schizophrenia meeting DSM-IV criteria and with at least moderately severe psychotic symptoms | Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12 | No significant difference was found to reduce symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia. Probiotic regulate immune and intestinal epithelial cells through the IL-17 family of cytokines |
Study (Reference) | Cohort Population | Prebiotic Used | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Prebiotics | |||
Hume et al. (2017) [100] | 42 boys and girls, ages 7–12 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥85th percentile | Oligofructose-enriched inulin/d | Prebiotic supplementation in children with overweight and obesity significantly increased feelings of fullness and reduced prospective food consumption in older but not in younger children |
Schmidt et al. (2105) [101] | 45 adults healthy volunteers | FOS and Bimuno®-galactooligosaccharides, B-GOS | B-GOS reduced waking-cortisol response and decreased attentional vigilance to negative versus positive information |
van den Berg et al. (2016) [105] | 77 preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g), admitted to the level-III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) | scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS | Neurodevelopmental outcomes were not different in the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS and placebo group. Infections, lower bifidobacteria counts, and higher serum cytokine levels during the neonatal period were associated with lower neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age |
LeCouffe et al. (2014) [106] | 93 Infants, with a gestational age (GA) of less than 32 weeks and/or birth weight of less than 1500 g, participed in the study (prebiotic mixture group (n = 48) and placebo group (n = 45) | 80% scGOS/lcFOS and 20% pAO | Short-term enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture in the neonatal period had no effect on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants in the first year of life |
Synbiotics | |||
Malaguarnera et al. (2007) [107] | 60 cirrhotic patients (30 with synbiotics and 30 with placebo) | Bifidobacterium longum plus fructo-oligosaccharides | Patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) treated with Bifidobacterium + FOS, showed an improvement and a recovery of neuropsychological activities related to short-term memory, attention and computing ability, language, orientation ability, and cognitive activities |
Firmansyah et al. (2011) [108] | 393 healthy 12 month-old toddlers | The probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BL999 (ATCC: BAA 999) and Lactobacillus rhamonosus, LPR (CGMCC 1.3724), the prebiotics inulin (30%) and fructo-oligosaccharide (70%), and the LCPUFA, arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Changes in cognitive and adaptive behaviour scores between 12 and 16 months were higher but not significantly different in the synbiotics group compared with the control group |
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Cerdó, T.; Ruíz, A.; Suárez, A.; Campoy, C. Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Brain Development. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111247
Cerdó T, Ruíz A, Suárez A, Campoy C. Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Brain Development. Nutrients. 2017; 9(11):1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111247
Chicago/Turabian StyleCerdó, Tomás, Alicia Ruíz, Antonio Suárez, and Cristina Campoy. 2017. "Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Brain Development" Nutrients 9, no. 11: 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111247