Fasting Plasma Glucose, Self-Appraised Diet Quality and Depressive Symptoms: A US-Representative Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.3.2. Fasting Plasma Glucose
2.3.3. Body Mass Index
2.3.4. Lifestyle Factors
2.3.5. Demographics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Male a n = 1031 (48.9% Weighted) | Female a n = 1114 (51.1% Weighted) | Total a n = 2145 |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years, n (%) | |||
18–24 | 137 (14.0) | 144 (12.4) | 281 (13.1) |
25–34 | 159 (17.6) | 170 (17.1) | 329 (17.3) |
35–44 | 165 (17.9) | 191 (17.1) | 356 (17.5) |
45–54 | 171 (17.9) | 168 (15.1) | 339 (16.5) |
55–64 | 172 (15.8) | 206 (18.8) | 378 (17.3) |
65–74 | 128 (10.8) | 140 (11.9) | 268 (11.4) |
75–80 | 99 (5.9) | 95 (7.6) | 194 (6.8) |
Annual income USD, n (%) | |||
$0–19,999 | 232 (16.2) | 269 (18.9) | 501 (17.6) |
$20,000–54,999 | 382 (33.8) | 441 (36.1) | 823 (35.0) |
$55,000–74,999 | 110 (12.1) | 121 (12.4) | 231 (12.3) |
$75,000–99,999 | 106 (12.6) | 104 (11.4) | 210 (12.0) |
$100,000+ | 201 (25.3) | 179 (21.0) * | 380 (23.1) |
Depressive symptoms | |||
Depressive symptoms m (SD) (0–27) | 2.5 (3.8) | 3.6 (4.4) * | 3.1 (4.2) |
Major depression 1 n (%) | 71 (6.4) | 127 (10.4) * | 198 (8.4) |
Glycaemic control | |||
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) m (SE) | 5.9 (1.7) | 5.7 (1.7) * | 5.8 (1.7) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 120 (9.4) | 122 (10.0) | 242 (9.7) |
Weight status | |||
BMI, m (SD) kg/m2 | 28.5 (6.2) | 29.7 (8.2) * | 29.1 (7.3) |
Lifestyle factors | |||
How healthy is diet? n (%) | |||
Excellent/very good | 319 (29.3) | 324 (31.7) | 643 (30.5) |
Good/fair | 656 (65.9) | 722 (62.4) | 1378 (64.1) |
Poor | 56 (4.8) | 68 (5.9) | 124 (5.4) |
Daily time spent sedentary n (%) | |||
<3 h | 159 (14.9) | 189 (16.2) | 348 (15.6) |
3–5 h | 213 (19.9) | 233 (20.5) | 446 (20.2) |
More than 5 h | 659 (65.1) | 692 (63.2) | 1351 (64.2) |
Models | Males n = 1031 | Females n = 1114 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized b | 95% CI for b | β | p | Unstandardized b | 95% CI for b | β | p | |
Model 1 | ||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.08 | −0.11, 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.420 | 0.24 | 0.05, 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.013 |
Model 2 (+demographics) | ||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | −0.02 | −0.22, 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.831 | 0.21 | 0.03, 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.021 |
+Age (years) | 0.22 | 0.04, 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.015 | 0.01 | −0.13, 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.926 |
+Household income (USD) | −0.44 | −0.64, −0.24 | −0.17 | 0.000 | −0.55 | −0.78, −0.32 | −0.18 | 0.000 |
Model 3 (+weight status) | ||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | −0.06 | −0.25, 0.14 | −0.02 | 0.562 | 0.13 | −0.04, 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.142 |
+Age | 0.21 | 0.04, 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.015 | 0.01 | −0.13, 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.855 |
+Household income | −0.44 | −0.63, −0.24 | −0.17 | 0.000 | −0.51 | −0.74, −0.28 | −0.16 | 0.000 |
+BMI (kg/m2) | 0.04 | −0.01, 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.088 | 0.06 | 0.02, 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.003 |
Model 4 (+lifestyle factors) | ||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | −0.09 | −0.29, 0.12 | −0.04 | 0.405 | 0.11 | −0.06, 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.211 |
+Age | 0.25 | 0.07, 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.007 | 0.08 | −0.06, 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.260 |
+Household income | −0.39 | −0.58, −0.19 | −0.15 | 0.000 | −0.43 | −0.66, −0.20 | −0.14 | 0.000 |
+BMI | 0.03 | −0.01, 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.120 | 0.04 | 0.00, 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.045 |
+Self-appraised diet quality | ||||||||
Poor | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Good/fair | −2.46 | −4.14, −0.78 | −0.31 | 0.004 | −3.31 | −4.77, −1.86 | −0.36 | 0.000 |
Very good/excellent | −2.85 | −4.58, −1.12 | −0.34 | 0.001 | −4.11 | −5.64, −2.57 | −0.43 | 0.000 |
+Daily sedentary time | ||||||||
<3 h | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
3–5 h | 0.86 | −0.19, 1.92 | 0.09 | 0.108 | −0.78 | −1.68, 0.12 | −0.07 | 0.089 |
More than 5 h | 0.38 | −0.33, 1.09 | 0.05 | 0.294 | 0.10 | −0.71, 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.810 |
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Hoare, E.; Dash, S.R.; Varsamis, P.; Jennings, G.L.; Kingwell, B.A. Fasting Plasma Glucose, Self-Appraised Diet Quality and Depressive Symptoms: A US-Representative Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121330
Hoare E, Dash SR, Varsamis P, Jennings GL, Kingwell BA. Fasting Plasma Glucose, Self-Appraised Diet Quality and Depressive Symptoms: A US-Representative Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12):1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121330
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoare, Erin, Sarah R. Dash, Pia Varsamis, Garry L. Jennings, and Bronwyn A. Kingwell. 2017. "Fasting Plasma Glucose, Self-Appraised Diet Quality and Depressive Symptoms: A US-Representative Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 9, no. 12: 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121330