Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietary Intake
2.3. Blood Lipids
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Single Nutrient Models
3.3. Substitution Models
4. Discussion
4.1. Single Nutrient Model
4.2. Substitution Model
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (N = 1398) | Females (N = 681) | Males (N = 717) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 Years | 15 Years | p-Value a | 10 Years | 15 Years | p-Value a | 10 Years | 15 Years | p-Value a | |
Blood lipids | |||||||||
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.7; 2.5) | 2.3 (1.9; 2.7) | <0.01 | 2.1 (1.8; 2.5) † | 2.4 (2.0; 2.9) † | <0.01 | 2.0 (1.7; 2.5) | 2.2 (1.8; 2.6) | <0.01 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.1; 1.4) | 1.5 (1.2; 1.7) | <0.01 | 1.2 (1.1; 1.4) | 1.6 (1.4; 1.8) † | <0.01 | 1.3 (1.1; 1.5) § | 1.4 (1.2; 1.6) | <0.01 |
TAG (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9; 1.6) | 1.0 (0.8; 1.4) | <0.01 | 1.2 (0.9; 1.6) | 1.0 (0.8; 1.3) | <0.01 | 1.1 (0.8; 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7; 1.4) | <0.01 |
TOTAL:HDL | 3.8 (3.2; 4.5) | 2.9 (2.5; 3.4) | <0.01 | 3.9 (3.4; 4.6) † | 2.9 (2.5; 3.4) | <0.01 | 3.6 (3.2; 4.4) | 3.0 (2.5; 3.5) § | <0.01 |
Fatty acids | |||||||||
SFA (%EI) | 12.6 (10.9; 14.7) | 12.7 (10.8; 14.7) | 0.621 | 12.5 (10.7; 14.7) | 12.6 (10.6; 14.6) | 0.190 | 12.8 (11.1; 14.8) | 12.9 (10.9; 14.9) | 0.512 |
MUFA (%EI) | 10.7 (9.3; 12.3) | 10.8 (9.4; 12.3) | 0.133 | 10.7 (9.2; 12.1) | 10.5 (9.1; 12.2) | 0.608 | 10.7 (9.5; 12.4) | 11.2 (9.6; 12.6) § | <0.01 |
n-3 PUFA (%EI) | 0.54 (0.49; 0.62) | 0.56 (0.49; 0.65) | <0.01 | 0.55 (0.49; 0.63) | 0.57 (0.49; 0.64) | 0.009 | 0.54 (0.48; 0.62) | 0.56 (0.48; 0.65) | <0.01 |
n-6 PUFA (%EI) | 3.7 (3.2; 4.3) | 3.9 (3.3; 4.6) | <0.01 | 3.7 (3.2; 4.3) | 3.9 (3.3; 4.7) | 0.002 | 3.7 (3.2; 4.3) | 3.9 (3.3; 4.6) | <0.01 |
Covariates | |||||||||
Age (years) | 10.2 (10.1; 10.3) | 15.1 (15.0; 15.3) | <0.01 | 10.2 (10.1; 10.3) | 15.1 (15; 15.3) | <0.01 | 10.2 (10.1; 10.3) | 15.1 (15; 15.3) | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.7 (15.6; 18.4) | 20.2 (18.7; 22.2) | <0.01 | 16.8 (15.6; 18.5) | 20.4 (18.9; 22.3) | <0.01 | 16.7 (15.7; 18.4) | 20 (18.6; 22.1) | <0.01 |
Fasting (yes) | 237 (17.0) | 649 (46.4) | <0.01 b | 121 (17.8) | 309 (45.2) | <0.01 b | 116 (16.2) | 341 (47.6) | <0.01 b |
Screen-time (high) | 134 (9.6) | 763 (55.3) | <0.01 b | 48 (7.0) | 322 (47.8) | <0.01 b | 86 (12.0) § | 442 (62.5) § | <0.01 b |
Energy intake (kcal) | 1933 (1591; 2292) | 2011 (1584; 2532) | <0.01 | 1798 (1486; 2124) | 1734 (1360; 2115) | 0.016 | 2061 (1705; 2447) § | 2361 (1884; 2866) § | <0.01 |
Fat (%EI) | 30.1 (26.7; 34.2) | 30.5 (27.1; 34.8) | 0.128 | 29.9 (26.1; 33.9) | 30.0 (26.5; 34.2) | 0.982 | 30.2 (27.3; 34.4) | 30.9 (27.6; 35.3) § | 0.029 |
Carbohydrate (%EI) | 54.1 (49.6; 58.0) | 53.2 (48.6; 57.7) | 0.004 | 54.3 (49.7; 58.4) | 54.1 (49.1; 58.4) † | 0.696 | 53.7 (49.6; 57.5) | 52.4 (47.7; 56.7) | <0.01 |
Protein (%EI) | 14.5 (12.9; 16.0) | 14.8 (13.1; 16.6) | <0.01 | 14.4 (12.8; 16.1) | 14.5 (12.7; 16.3) | 0.452 | 14.5 (13.1; 16.0) | 15.1 (13.4; 16.8) § | <0.01 |
Study | |||||||||
GINI observation | 452 (32.3) | 221 (32.5) | 231 (32.2) | ||||||
GINI intervention | 437 (31.3) | 224 (32.9) | 213 (29.7) | ||||||
LISA | 509 (36.4) | 236 (34.7) | 273 (38.1) | ||||||
Region | |||||||||
Munich | 807 (57.7) | 389 (57.1) | 418 (58.3) | ||||||
Leipzig | 123 (8.8) | 60 (8.8) | 63 (8.8) | ||||||
Bad Honnef | 65 (4.6) | 29 (4.3) | 36 (5.0) | ||||||
Wesel | 403 (28.8) | 203 (29.8) | 200 (27.9) | ||||||
Parental education (High) | 997 (71.3) | 497 (73.0) | 500 (69.7) | ||||||
Pubertal onset (Yes) | 680 (48.6) | 507 (74.4) † | 173 (24.1) |
Fatty Acids | ΔLDL | ΔHDL | ΔTAG | ΔTOTAL:HDL | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
TOTAL | |||||||||||||
SFA | MBASIC | −0.038 | −0.077; 0.001 | 0.057 | 0.005 | −0.017; 0.027 | 0.653 | −0.038 | −0.075; −0.001 | 0.042 | −0.030 | −0.075; 0.015 | 0.196 |
MADJ | −0.036 | −0.075; 0.003 | 0.068 | 0.005 | −0.017; 0.027 | 0.638 | −0.038 | −0.075; −0.001 | 0.042 | −0.029 | −0.074; 0.016 | 0.209 | |
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.012 | −0.048; 0.024 | 0.519 | 0.011 | −0.010; 0.031 | 0.306 | −0.012 | −0.046; 0.023 | 0.507 | −0.017 | −0.059; 0.025 | 0.428 |
MADJ | −0.011 | −0.048; 0.025 | 0.534 | 0.011 | −0.009; 0.031 | 0.297 | −0.012 | −0.046; 0.023 | 0.503 | −0.017 | −0.059; 0.025 | 0.430 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.027 | −0.058; 0.003 | 0.075 | 0.005 | −0.012; 0.022 | 0.590 | 0.001 | −0.028; 0.030 | 0.953 | −0.017 | −0.052; 0.018 | 0.342 |
MADJ | −0.027 | −0.057; 0.003 | 0.082 | 0.005 | −0.012; 0.022 | 0.540 | 0.000 | −0.028; 0.029 | 0.981 | −0.017 | −0.053; 0.018 | 0.332 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.003 | −0.034; 0.028 | 0.866 | 0.015 | −0.002; 0.032 | 0.089 | 0.009 | −0.020; 0.039 | 0.525 | −0.012 | −0.048; 0.024 | 0.504 |
MADJ | −0.003 | −0.034; 0.028 | 0.849 | 0.016 | −0.002; 0.033 | 0.074 | 0.009 | −0.021; 0.038 | 0.559 | −0.013 | −0.049; 0.023 | 0.465 | |
FEMALES | |||||||||||||
SFA | MBASIC | −0.048 | −0.110; 0.014 | 0.131 | 0.012 | −0.022; 0.045 | 0.491 | −0.053 | −0.100; −0.006 | 0.026 | −0.057 | −0.116; 0.002 | 0.060 |
MADJ | −0.047 | −0.110; 0.015 | 0.139 | 0.012 | −0.022; 0.045 | 0.484 | −0.053 | −0.100; −0.007 | 0.025 | −0.057 | −0.116; 0.002 | 0.060 | |
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.004 | −0.061; 0.053 | 0.888 | 0.020 | −0.011; 0.050 | 0.211 | −0.017 | −0.060; 0.026 | 0.430 | −0.026 | −0.081; 0.028 | 0.342 |
MADJ | −0.005 | −0.062; 0.053 | 0.876 | 0.020 | −0.011; 0.050 | 0.209 | −0.018 | −0.061; 0.025 | 0.420 | −0.027 | −0.081; 0.028 | 0.336 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.030 | −0.078; 0.018 | 0.219 | 0.011 | −0.015; 0.037 | 0.406 | 0.000 | −0.036; 0.036 | 0.990 | −0.032 | −0.077; 0.014 | 0.173 |
MADJ | −0.030 | −0.079; 0.018 | 0.214 | 0.011 | −0.015; 0.037 | 0.403 | 0.000 | −0.036; 0.036 | 0.998 | −0.032 | −0.078; 0.014 | 0.169 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.020 | −0.068; 0.028 | 0.409 | 0.019 | −0.007; 0.044 | 0.148 | 0.016 | −0.020; 0.052 | 0.390 | −0.026 | −0.071; 0.020 | 0.269 |
MADJ | −0.021 | −0.069; 0.027 | 0.397 | 0.020 | −0.006; 0.046 | 0.124 | 0.014 | −0.022; 0.050 | 0.446 | −0.028 | −0.074; 0.018 | 0.231 | |
MALES | |||||||||||||
SFA | MBASIC | −0.029 | −0.078; 0.019 | 0.237 | −0.002 | −0.031; 0.026 | 0.868 | −0.016 | −0.072; 0.04 | 0.577 | 0.002 | −0.066; 0.070 | 0.962 |
MADJ | −0.026 | −0.075; 0.022 | 0.282 | −0.003 | −0.031; 0.026 | 0.863 | −0.015 | −0.072; 0.041 | 0.591 | 0.003 | −0.065; 0.071 | 0.929 | |
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.021 | −0.066; 0.025 | 0.372 | 0.000 | −0.027; 0.027 | 0.975 | −0.002 | −0.055; 0.051 | 0.952 | −0.001 | −0.065; 0.063 | 0.972 |
MADJ | −0.019 | −0.065; 0.026 | 0.400 | 0.001 | −0.026; 0.027 | 0.964 | −0.002 | −0.056; 0.051 | 0.927 | −0.001 | −0.065; 0.063 | 0.968 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.026 | −0.064; 0.012 | 0.181 | −0.003 | −0.025; 0.02 | 0.818 | 0.005 | −0.040; 0.049 | 0.826 | 0.001 | −0.053; 0.055 | 0.971 |
MADJ | −0.025 | −0.063; 0.013 | 0.199 | −0.001 | −0.023; 0.022 | 0.952 | 0.003 | −0.042; 0.048 | 0.891 | 0.000 | −0.054; 0.054 | 0.992 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | 0.011 | −0.029; 0.051 | 0.583 | 0.010 | −0.013; 0.034 | 0.392 | 0.001 | −0.045; 0.048 | 0.953 | 0.000 | −0.056; 0.056 | 0.991 |
MADJ | 0.013 | −0.027; 0.052 | 0.534 | 0.012 | −0.011; 0.036 | 0.299 | −0.001 | −0.047; 0.046 | 0.975 | −0.001 | −0.057; 0.055 | 0.971 |
Substituting Nutrient | ΔLDL | ΔHDL | ΔTAG | ΔTOTAL:HDL | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
TOTAL | |||||||||||||
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.037 | −0.085; 0.011 | 0.134 | 0.002 | −0.025; 0.029 | 0.897 | −0.041 | −0.087; 0.005 | 0.077 | −0.027 | −0.083; 0.029 | 0.346 |
MADJ | −0.034 | −0.082; 0.014 | 0.163 | 0.002 | −0.025; 0.029 | 0.894 | −0.041 | −0.086; 0.005 | 0.081 | −0.025 | −0.082; 0.031 | 0.378 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.027 | −0.064; 0.011 | 0.164 | −0.003 | −0.024; 0.018 | 0.752 | 0.002 | −0.033; 0.037 | 0.913 | −0.008 | −0.052; 0.036 | 0.715 |
MADJ | −0.026 | −0.063; 0.012 | 0.179 | −0.003 | −0.024; 0.018 | 0.775 | 0.002 | −0.034; 0.037 | 0.916 | −0.008 | −0.052; 0.036 | 0.723 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | 0.018 | −0.019; 0.056 | 0.341 | 0.016 | −0.005; 0.037 | 0.143 | 0.019 | −0.017; 0.055 | 0.303 | −0.001 | −0.045; 0.043 | 0.978 |
MADJ | 0.017 | −0.021; 0.054 | 0.384 | 0.016 | −0.005; 0.038 | 0.129 | 0.018 | −0.018; 0.054 | 0.324 | −0.002 | −0.047; 0.042 | 0.916 | |
CHO | MBASIC | 0.063 | 0.000; 0.127 | 0.050 | −0.001 | −0.036; 0.035 | 0.970 | 0.057 | −0.003; 0.117 | 0.061 | 0.043 | −0.031; 0.117 | 0.257 |
MADJ | 0.060 | −0.004; 0.123 | 0.064 | −0.001 | −0.037; 0.034 | 0.947 | 0.057 | −0.003; 0.117 | 0.063 | 0.041 | −0.033; 0.115 | 0.278 | |
FEMALES | |||||||||||||
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.053 | −0.130; 0.024 | 0.175 | 0.005 | −0.037; 0.046 | 0.825 | −0.065 | −0.122; −0.007 | 0.029 | −0.054 | −0.127; 0.020 | 0.153 |
MADJ | −0.052 | −0.129; 0.025 | 0.188 | 0.005 | −0.037; 0.046 | 0.824 | −0.064 | −0.122; −0.007 | 0.029 | −0.053 | −0.127; 0.020 | 0.154 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.020 | −0.080; 0.039 | 0.502 | −0.004 | −0.036; 0.028 | 0.822 | 0.002 | −0.043; 0.047 | 0.928 | −0.003 | −0.060; 0.053 | 0.907 |
MADJ | −0.020 | −0.079; 0.039 | 0.510 | −0.004 | −0.036; 0.028 | 0.788 | 0.003 | −0.042; 0.048 | 0.895 | −0.002 | −0.059; 0.055 | 0.942 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.004 | −0.062; 0.054 | 0.896 | 0.015 | −0.016; 0.046 | 0.341 | 0.034 | −0.009; 0.078 | 0.125 | −0.005 | −0.060; 0.050 | 0.856 |
MADJ | −0.005 | −0.063; 0.053 | 0.868 | 0.017 | −0.014; 0.048 | 0.292 | 0.032 | −0.012; 0.075 | 0.155 | −0.008 | −0.064; 0.047 | 0.774 | |
CHO | MBASIC | 0.127 | 0.023; 0.231 | 0.017 | −0.003 | −0.059; 0.053 | 0.916 | 0.097 | 0.019; 0.175 | 0.015 | 0.114 | 0.014; 0.213 | 0.025 |
MADJ | 0.125 | 0.021; 0.229 | 0.019 | −0.004 | −0.060; 0.052 | 0.891 | 0.098 | 0.020; 0.176 | 0.014 | 0.115 | 0.015; 0.215 | 0.024 | |
MALES | |||||||||||||
MUFA | MBASIC | −0.027 | −0.088; 0.033 | 0.373 | −0.001 | −0.036; 0.035 | 0.976 | −0.015 | −0.085; 0.055 | 0.668 | −0.006 | −0.091; 0.079 | 0.898 |
MADJ | −0.024 | −0.084; 0.036 | 0.435 | −0.001 | −0.037; 0.035 | 0.948 | −0.015 | −0.085; 0.056 | 0.683 | −0.004 | −0.089; 0.082 | 0.934 | |
n-3 PUFA | MBASIC | −0.043 | −0.091; 0.005 | 0.079 | −0.008 | −0.037; 0.020 | 0.570 | 0.006 | −0.050; 0.062 | 0.833 | −0.009 | −0.076; 0.059 | 0.796 |
MADJ | −0.043 | −0.090; 0.005 | 0.081 | −0.007 | −0.035; 0.021 | 0.630 | 0.005 | −0.050; 0.061 | 0.851 | −0.009 | −0.077; 0.058 | 0.788 | |
n-6 PUFA | MBASIC | 0.041 | −0.009; 0.090 | 0.106 | 0.017 | −0.012; 0.046 | 0.256 | −0.004 | −0.061; 0.054 | 0.898 | 0.001 | −0.069; 0.071 | 0.985 |
MADJ | 0.041 | −0.008; 0.090 | 0.103 | 0.018 | −0.011; 0.048 | 0.224 | −0.004 | −0.062; 0.053 | 0.880 | 0.000 | −0.070; 0.070 | 0.995 | |
CHO | MBASIC | 0.017 | −0.059; 0.093 | 0.658 | −0.001 | −0.046; 0.044 | 0.961 | 0.021 | −0.068; 0.109 | 0.647 | −0.008 | −0.115; 0.099 | 0.884 |
MADJ | 0.012 | −0.064; 0.088 | 0.755 | 0.000 | −0.045; 0.045 | 0.991 | 0.020 | −0.069; 0.108 | 0.663 | −0.011 | −0.118; 0.096 | 0.842 |
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Harris, C.; Buyken, A.; Koletzko, S.; Von Berg, A.; Berdel, D.; Schikowski, T.; Koletzko, B.; Heinrich, J.; Standl, M. Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes. Nutrients 2017, 9, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020127
Harris C, Buyken A, Koletzko S, Von Berg A, Berdel D, Schikowski T, Koletzko B, Heinrich J, Standl M. Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes. Nutrients. 2017; 9(2):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020127
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarris, Carla, Anette Buyken, Sibylle Koletzko, Andrea Von Berg, Dietrich Berdel, Tamara Schikowski, Berthold Koletzko, Joachim Heinrich, and Marie Standl. 2017. "Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes" Nutrients 9, no. 2: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020127