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Nutrients
Volume 9
Issue 5
10.3390/nu9050437
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Review

The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications

by
Roberto Testa
1,
Anna Rita Bonfigli
2,
Francesco Prattichizzo
3,
Lucia La Sala
3,
Valeria De Nigris
4 and
Antonio Ceriello
3,4,5,*
1
Experimental Models in Clinical Pathology, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona I-60127, Italy
2
Scientific Direction, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona I-60127, Italy
3
Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni I-20099, Italy
4
Insititut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló, 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
5
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08036, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050437
Submission received: 2 March 2017 / Revised: 20 April 2017 / Accepted: 24 April 2017 / Published: 28 April 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fructose and Glucose: The Multifacetted Aspects of their Metabolism and Implication for Human Health)
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Abstract

Several epidemiological and prospective studies suggest that an early intensive control of hyperglycaemia is able to decrease the risk of diabetic micro- and macro-vascular complications. A growing body of experimental evidence supports the concept that the risk for diabetes complications may be linked to oxidative stress, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, epigenetic changes, and chronic inflammation, laying the foundation for the “metabolic memory” theory. From a clinical point of view, this theory supports the need for a very early aggressive treatment, with the goal of normalizing metabolic control as soon as possible. It may also prove beneficial to introduce therapeutic agents that are able to reduce reactive species and glycation, in addition to presenting better control of glucose levels in patients with diabetes, in order to minimize long-term diabetes complications. In this review, we evaluate the effect of glucose intake and metabolism in the light of this theory.
Keywords: metabolic memory; type 2 diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications metabolic memory; type 2 diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications

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MDPI and ACS Style

Testa, R.; Bonfigli, A.R.; Prattichizzo, F.; La Sala, L.; De Nigris, V.; Ceriello, A. The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. Nutrients 2017, 9, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050437

AMA Style

Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Prattichizzo F, La Sala L, De Nigris V, Ceriello A. The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. Nutrients. 2017; 9(5):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050437

Chicago/Turabian Style

Testa, Roberto, Anna Rita Bonfigli, Francesco Prattichizzo, Lucia La Sala, Valeria De Nigris, and Antonio Ceriello. 2017. "The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications" Nutrients 9, no. 5: 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050437

APA Style

Testa, R., Bonfigli, A. R., Prattichizzo, F., La Sala, L., De Nigris, V., & Ceriello, A. (2017). The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. Nutrients, 9(5), 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050437

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