Natural Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Triglyceride Form Attenuates In Vitro Microglial Activation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture and Treatment
2.3. Nitrite and Cytokine Quantification
2.4. Cell Viability: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Reduction Method
2.5. Mice
2.6. EAE Induction and Treatment
2.7. Mouse Splenocytes and CD4+ T-Cells Preparation
2.8. Proliferative Response of Lymphocytes
2.9. Determination of Tissue Fatty Acids Profile
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. DHA Increased BV-2 Cells Viability
3.2. DHA Attenuated NO Production and Suppressed Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines in LPS-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia Cells
3.3. Effects of DHA on Splenocyte Viability and Proliferation after Lymphocyte Stimulation
3.4. Effect DHA Dietary Supplementation on Fatty Acid Profile in Mice Tissues
3.5. Dietary DHA Showed a Beneficial Effect on EAE Clinical Course
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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% of Total Fatty Acids | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Fatty Acids | Plasma | RBC | ||
Ctl (n = 7) | EAE (n = 7) | Ctl (n = 7) | EAE (n = 7) | |
SFA | 31.70 ± 0.96 | 31.70 ± 0.49 | 47.53 ± 4.23 | 50.25 ± 6.89 |
MUFA | 16.97 ± 1.19 | 16.23 ± 1.35 | 13.27 ± 0.57 | 14.54 ± 0.81 |
PUFA | 51.33 ± 1.12 | 52.07 ± 1.36 | 39.20 ± 4.74 | 35.21 ± 7.60 |
PUFA n-6 | 47.68 ± 1.36 | 47.60 ± 1.24 | 32.01 ± 4.43 | 29.93 ± 5.75 |
PUFA n-3 | 3.65 ± 1.08 | 3.87 ± 0.91 | 6.55 ± 1.12 | 5.28 ± 1.93 |
n-6/n-3 ratio | 14.17 ± 2.22 | 11.07 ± 2.25 | 5.83 ± 0.74 | 6.09 ± 1.29 |
C22:6 n-3 | 3.01 ± 0.48 | 2.96 ± 0.79 | 4.83 ± 0.83 | 3.39 ± 1.08 |
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Mancera, P.; Wappenhans, B.; Cordobilla, B.; Virgili, N.; Pugliese, M.; Rueda, F.; Espinosa-Parrilla, J.F.; Domingo, J.C. Natural Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Triglyceride Form Attenuates In Vitro Microglial Activation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Nutrients 2017, 9, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070681
Mancera P, Wappenhans B, Cordobilla B, Virgili N, Pugliese M, Rueda F, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Domingo JC. Natural Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Triglyceride Form Attenuates In Vitro Microglial Activation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):681. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070681
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancera, Pilar, Blanca Wappenhans, Begoña Cordobilla, Noemí Virgili, Marco Pugliese, Fèlix Rueda, Juan F. Espinosa-Parrilla, and Joan C. Domingo. 2017. "Natural Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Triglyceride Form Attenuates In Vitro Microglial Activation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070681