Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides and Their Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Reduction of Oxidative Stress by Food-Derived Polysaccharides
2.1. Reduction of Free Radical and Peroxidation Product Levels
2.2. Improvement of the Antioxidant Defense System
2.3. Regulation of Oxidative Stress-Related Signaling
3. Alleviation of Neurodegeneration by Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides
3.1. Effects on Alzheimer’s Disease
3.2. Effects on Parkinson’s Disease
3.3. Effects on Huntington’s Disease
3.4. Effects on Other Neurodegenerative Symptoms
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts Interest
References
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Source | Polysaccharide | Test Model | Protective Effect | Potential Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetables | |||||
Zizania latifolia | ZLPs-W | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH and ·OH | [24] | |
Daucus carota | CWSP | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, reducing power, prevention of β-carotene bleaching | Ferrous chelating ability | [25] |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | WSP | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, inhibition of ascorbic acid oxidation | SOD-like activity | [26] |
Solanum tuberosum | PPPWs | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity | [27] | |
Potentilla anserine | PAP | H2O2-exposed murine splenic lymphocytes | Apoptosis rate↓ | [28] | |
Psidium guajava | PS-PGL | In vitro assays; H2O2-exposed Vero cells and zebrafish | Scavenging activity against DPPH, ·OH and alkyl radicals in vitro; Cell viability↑, DNA fragmentation↓, nuclear condensation and morphological disruption↓ in Vero cells; Survival↑, heart-beating rate↓, cell death↓ in zebrafish embryos | ROS level↓ in Vero cells; ROS level↓, MDA content↓ in zebrafish embryos | [29] |
Fruits | |||||
Malus pumila | APPS | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH, reducing power | [30] | |
Diospyros kaki L. | PFP | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH, reducing power | [31] | |
Seed watermelon | SWP | H2O2-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, LDH release↓ | ROS level↓, 8-OHdG content↓, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities↓, MMP↑ | [32] |
Cereals and Beans | |||||
Rice bran | RBP2 | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−·, ·OH and ABTS, reducing power | Ferrous chelating ability | [33] |
Wheat bran | Feruloyl oligosaccharides | AAPH-exposed human erythrocytes | Erythrocyte hemolysis↓ | GSH level↓, MDA content↓, PCG level↓ | [34] |
Glycine max (L.) Merr. | MSF | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against ABTS, reducing power | [35] | |
Cicer arietinum L. hull | CHPS | In vitro assays; H2O2-exposed PC12 cells | Scavenging activity against ABTS, DPPH O2−; reducing power in vitro; Cell viability↑ | [36] | |
Herbs | |||||
Dioscorea opposita | Yam polysaccharide | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH | [37] | |
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. | EbPS-A1 | In vitro assays; PQ-exposed C. elegans | Scavenging activity against DPPH and ·OH in vitro; Survival rate↑ in C. elegans | ROS level↓, MDA content↓, SOD and CAT activities↑ in C. elegans | [38] |
Chuanminshen violaceum | CVPS | In vitro assays; d-Gal-treated ICR mice | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH in vitro; Body weights and spleen indices↑ in mice | Activities and mRNA levels of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, GPx and CAT↑, MDA content↓ in mouse liver, heart and brain | [39] |
Radix Rehmanniae | RRPs | UV-irradiated mice | GSH level↑, SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 levels↑ | [40] | |
Lycium barbarum | LBPs | H2O2-exposed SRA01/04 cells | Cell viability↑, apoptotic rate↓, ratio of ageing cells↓, G0/G1 cell cycle phase arrest↓ | ROS level↓, MMP↑, Bcl-2 protein level↑, Bax protein level↓, MDA content↓, SOD activity↑, GSH level↑ | [41] |
Angelica sinensis | ASP | H2O2-exposed PC12 cells; SD rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ in PC12 cells; Number of microvessels in rat brain↑ | ROS level↓, MMP↑ in PC12 cells; SOD and GPx activities↑ in rat cortex | [42] |
Sophora subprosrate | SSP | PCV-2 infection RAW264.7 cells | Activities of Total-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD↑, mRNA levels of Mn-SOD↑ and NOX2↓, NOX2 protein level↓, MMP↑ | [43] | |
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. | CSP | H2O2-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, ratio of sub G1and S phase↓, ratio of G2/M phase↑, apoptosis rate↓, LDH release↓ | ROS level↓,MDA content↓, 8-OHdG content↓, SOD and GPx activities↑, capase-3 and capase-9 activities↓ | [44] |
Tea | |||||
Black tea | BTPS | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH and ·OH | [45] | |
Green tea | TPS1 | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH, ferrous chelating ability, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, inhibition of lipid hydroperoxide | [46] | |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino | GPMMP | Cyclophosphamide-treated C57BL/6 mice | Spleen and thymus indices↑, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts↑, total antioxidant capacity↑ | CAT, SOD and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓, GSH level↑, IL-2 level in sera and spleen↑ | [47] |
Nuts | |||||
Juglans regia L. | SJP | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, ·OH and ABTS, reducing power | [48] | |
Ginkgo biloba L. | GNP | In vitro assays; Hyperlipemia mice | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH in vitro | CAT, SOD and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓ in mouse serum and liver | [49] |
Other Plants | |||||
Zizyphus jujuba Mill | ZJPa | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH | Ferrous chelating ability | [50] |
Aloe barbadensis Miller | GAPS-1 and SAPS-1 | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against O2−·, ·OH and H2O2, reducing power, MDA content↓ | Ferrous chelating ability | [51] |
Anoectochilus roxburghii | ARPT | CCl4-treated Kunming mice | Hepatocyte necrosis↓, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities↓ | MDA level↓, SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, GSH level↓, mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and Bax↓, protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB and cleaved-caspase 3↓ in liver | [52] |
Opuntia dillenii Haw | CP | H2O2-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, LDH release↓, apoptosis rate↓ | ROS level↓, ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA level↑ | [53] |
Camellia oleifera Abel | SCP1 | In vitro assays; PQ-exposed C. elegans | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH in vitro; Survival rate↑ in C. elegans | Ferric chelating ability in vitro; SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓ in C. elegans | [54] |
Taraxacum officinale | TOP2 | LPS or t-BHP-exposed RAW 264.7 cells | NO production↓ in LPS-exposed cells; Cell viability↑ in t-BHP-exposed cells | Protein levels of TNF-α, p-IκBα, p-p65, p-Akt, iNOS and heme oxygenase 1↓ | [55] |
Mushrooms | |||||
Ganoderma lucidum | G. lucidum polysaccharide | Isoproterenol-treated albino rats | Creatinine kinase and LDH activities↓ in serum, cardiac muscle fibers with mild hyalinization | ROS level↓, MDA content↓, SOD and GPx activities↑, GSH level↑, activities of Krebs cycle dehydrogenases and mitochondrial complexes↑, MMP↑ | [56] |
Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor | Mushroom polysaccharides | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, reducing power, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation | Ferric chelating ability | [57] |
Dictyophora indusiata | DiPS | PQ-exposed C. elegans | Survival rate↑ | ROS level↓, SOD activity↑, MDA content↓, MMP↑, ATP content↑, DAF-16 activation↑ | [58] |
Other Fungi | |||||
Auricularia auricula | AAP1 | In vitro assays; PQ or H2O2-exposed C. elegans | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH, reducing power in vitro; Survival rate↑ in C. elegans | Ferric chelating ability in vitro; ROS level↓, SOD and CAT activities↑ in C. elegans | [59] |
Tremella fuciformis | TP | UV-irradiated SD rats | Water and collagen content↑, glycosaminoglycan↓, endogenous collagen breakdown↓, ratio of type I/III collagen↑ in rat skin | SOD, GPx and CAT activities↑ | [60] |
Algae | |||||
Porphyra haitanesis | P. haitanesis polysaccharide | In vitro assays; H2O2-exposed rat erythrocytes and liver microsome | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH in vitro; Erythrocyte hemolysis↓; lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome↓ | [61] | |
Laminaria japonica | LJPA-P3 | In vitro assays | Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, scavenging activity against ABTS | [62] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | F. vesiculosus polysaccharide | In vitro assays | Ferric reducing antioxidant power | [63] | |
Ulva pertusa | U. pertusa polysaccharide | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH, reducing power | Ferric chelating ability | [64] |
Brown seaweed | Fucoidan | UV-irradiated HS68 cells | ROS level↓, MDA content↓, GSH level↑ | [65] | |
Nostoc commune | Nostoc polysaccharide | In vitro assays; PQ-exposed C. elegans | Scavenging activity against O2−· and ·OH in vitro; Survival rate↑ in C. elegans | SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓ in C. elegans | [66] |
Milkproducts | |||||
Milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria | Exopolysaccharides | UV-irradiated hairless mice | Erythema formation, dryness and epidermal proliferation, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers↓ in mouse skin | mRNA levels of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A↑, ratio of mRNA levels of IL10/IL12α and IL10/IFN-γ↓ in mouse skin | [67] |
Wine | |||||
Red wine | PS-SI | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against ·OH, oxygen radical absorbance capacity | [68] | |
Probiotics | |||||
Bifidobacterium animalis RH | EPS | In vitro assays; d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH in vitro | Total antioxidant capacity, SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓ in serum, GST activity and MDA content↓ in liver, MAO activity and lipofuscin level↓ in brain | [69] |
Bifidobacterium bifidum WBIN03, Lactobacillus plantarum R31 | B-EPS and L-EPS | In vitro assays; H2O2-exposed rat erythrocytes | Scavenging activity against DPPH, O2−· and ·OH, inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro; Erythrocyte hemolysis↓ | [70] | |
Meat | |||||
Haliotis discus hannai Ino | ASP-1 | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against O2−· | [71] | |
Crassostrea hongkongensis | CHPs | In vitro assays | Scavenging activity against DPPH, ·OH and ABTS, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation | [72] | |
Mytilus coruscus | MP-I | CCl4-treated Kunming mice | Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels↓, necrosis of liver cells↓, immigration of inflammatory cells↓ | MDA content↓, SOD activity↑ in liver | [73] |
Source | Polysaccharide | Test Model | Protective Effect | Potential Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | Learning and memory in MWM↑, neural progenitor cell proliferation↑ | Aβ deposits↓, protein levels of p-FGFR1, p-ERK and p-Akt↑ | [101] |
Marine red algae | KCP | Aβ(25–35)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ | Protein level of cleavage caspase 3↓, JNK signaling activation↓ | [102] |
Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls | Fucoidan | Aβ(25–35) and d-Gal-exposed PC12 cells; d-Gal treated ICR mice | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ in PC12 cells; Learning and memory in MWM↑ | Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9↓, cytochrome c release↓, SOD activity↑, GSH level↑ in PC12 cells; Aβ deposits in hippocampus↓, SOD activity and GSH level↑ in serum, Ach content↑, ChAT activity↑ and AChE activity↓ in brain | [103] |
Laminaria japonica Aresch. | Fucoidan | Aβ40-treated SD rats | Learning and memory in MWM, single-trial passive avoidance and eight-arm radial maze task↑ | Ach content↑, ChAT activity↑, AChE activity↓, SOD and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓, Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓, cleaved caspase-3 protein level↓ in hippocampus | [104] |
Polygonatum sibiricum | PS-WNP | Aβ(25–35)-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ | Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓, MMP↑, cytochrome c release↓, cleaved caspase-3 protein level↓, caspase-3 activity↓, p-Akt protein level↑ | [105] |
Lonicera japonica Thunb. | LJW0F2 | Aβ42-exposed SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability↑ | Aβ42 aggregates↓ | [106] |
Echlonia Kurome Okam. | AOSC | Aβ(25–35)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓, activation of astrocytes↓, cell redox activity↑ | ROS level↓, TNF-α and IL-6 level↓, calcium influx in astrocytes↓ | [107] |
Angelica sinensis | AS | Aβ(25–35)-exposed Neuro 2A cells | Cell viability↑ | ROS level↓, GSH level↑, MMP↑, mitochondria mass↑, TBARS content↓, autophagosomes or residual bodies↓ | [108] |
Lycium barbarum | L. barbarum polysaccharide | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | Learning and memory in MWM↑ | Aβ deposits in hippocampus↓ | [109] |
Lycium barbarum | LBP-III | Aβ(25–35)-exposed rat primary cortical neurons | Maintain neurite fasciculation and neuron integrity | Caspase-3 and caspase-2 activities↓, p-PKR protein level↓ | [110] |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLA | Aβ(25–35)- or Aβ42-exposed rat primary cortical neurons | Apoptosis rate↓, synaptophysin immunoreactivity↑ | DEVD-cleavage activity↓, protein levels of p-JNK, p-c-Jun, and p-p38↓ | [111] |
Rubia cordifolia L. | PS5 | T-REx293 cells | Cell viability↑ | Aβ42-EGFP aggregates↓ | [112] |
Dictyophora indusiata | DiPS | C. elegans CL2355 | Survival rate↑, chemotaxis index↑ | ROS level↓ | [58] |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino | GPP1 | Aβ(25–35)-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, LDH release↓, DNA fragmentation↓ | ROS level↓, MDA content↓, SOD activity↑, GSH level↑, Calcium overload↓, MMP↑, Bcl-2 protein level↑, protein levels of Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3↓ | [113] |
Lycium barbarum L. | LBP | 6-OHDA-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, nuclear morphology changes↓, apoptosis rate↓ | ROS and NO levels↓, calcium overload↓, protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine level↓, protein levels of nNOS, iNOS and cleaved caspase-3↓ | [114] |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino | GP | MPP+-exposed PC12 cells | Cell viability↑, LDH release↓, apoptosis rate↓ | Cytochrome c release↓, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities↓, Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓, protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase↓ | [115] |
Spirulina platensis | PSP | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | Number of TH-immunoreactive neurons and DAT binding ratio in the substantia nigra pars compacta↑ | TH and DAT mRNA levels in substantia nigra↑, SOD and GPx activity↑ in serum and midbrain | [116] |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | CPS | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | Body weight↑, movement in pole test and gait test↑ | Contents of DA, DOPAC and HVA↑, ratio of DOPAC and HVA to DA↓, TH mRNA level↑, striatal Emr1 mRNA level↓, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in serum↓, d-amino acid oxidase and secretory immunoglobulin A levels↑ | [117] |
Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh | SA-Gc | 6-OHDA-treated Wistar rats | Locomotor performance in OFT, rotarod and apomorphine-induced rotation test↑, weight gain↑ | DA and DOPAC content↑, NO2/NO3 and GSH level↑ in brain, p65, iNOS and IL1β mRNA levels↓, BDNF mRNA level↑ | [118] |
Stichopus japonicus | SJP | 6-OHDA-exposed SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓, LDH release↓ | SOD activity↑, ROS level↓, NO release↓, MDA content↓, MMP↑, cytochrome c release↓, percentage of cells in S phase↑, Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓, protein levels of Cyclin D3, p-p53, p-p38, p-JNK1/2, p-p65, iNOS and p-IκB↓, cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 protein level ratio↓, p-Akt and IκB protein levels↑ | [119] |
Hericium erinaceus | EA | MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice | Apoptosis rate↓, number of normal neurons↑, motor function in RT↑ | Nitro-tyrosine and 4-HNE level↓, dopamine, NGF, and GSH level↑, protein levels of Fas, p-JNK1/2, p-p38, DNA damage inducible transcript 3, NF-κB and p65↓ | [120] |
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. | EbPS-A1 | C. elegans HA759 | Avoidance index↑ | ROS level↓, MDA content↓, SOD and CAT activities↑ | [38] |
Turbinaria decurrens | TD fucoidan | MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice | Motor performance in OFT, Narrow beam walking and RT↑, nigral TH immunoreactivity↑ | DA, DOPAC, and HVA content↑, TBARS level↓, GSH level↑, SOD and CAT activities↓, GPx activity↑, TH and DAT protein levels↑ | [121] |
Lycium barbarum | LBP | HEK293-160Q cells; HD-related transgenic mice | Cell viability↑ in HEK293 cells; Survival rate↑, weight gain↑, motor performance in RT↑ in mice | Soluble and aggregated huntingtin levels↓, caspase-3 activity↓, p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/ GSK3β protein levels↑ in HEK293 cells; Mutant huntingtin level↓, p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/ GSK3β protein levels↑ in mouse brain | [122] |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | Kainic acid-treated Wistar rats | Frequency of epilepsy↓ | CaMK II level↑, ERK1/2 level↓, calcium turnover↓, Caveolin-1 positive cells↑, NF-κB positive cells↓ | [123] |
Hericium erinaceus | HE | l-Glu-exposed PC12 cells; AlCl₃ and d-Gal-treated Balb/c mice | Differentiation rate↑, cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ in PC12 cells; learning, memory and locomotor in MWM, Autonomic activities and RT↑ | β-tubulin III protein level↑, MMP↑, calcium overload↓, ROS level↓ in PC12 cells; Ach and ChAT contents in mouse serum and hypothalamus↑ | [124] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | POP | d-Gal and AlCl3-treated Wistar rats | Learning and memory in MWM and SDT↑, hippocampal impairment↓ | AchE activity↓, in hippocampus, MDA content↓, SOD, GPx and CAT activities↑ in hippocampus, liver and serum, protein levels of APP, Aβ, BACE1 and p-tau↓, Protein phosphatase 2 protein level↑ | [125] |
Sargassum fusiforme | SFPS65A | SCO-, ethanol- and sodium nitrite-treated ICR mice | Learning and memory in SDT↑ | [126] | |
Sargassum fusiforme | SFPS | d-Gal-treated ICR mice | CAT and SOD activities↑, MDA content in hearts and MAO in brains↓, protein levels of Nrf2, Bcl-2, p21 and JNK1/2↑, mRNA levels of Nrf2, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, glutamate cysteine ligase and GPX1↑, voltage dependent anion channel 1 protein level↓ | [127] | |
Lycium barbarum | LBA | Homocysteine-exposed cortical neurons | Cell viability↑, apoptosis rate↓ | LDH release and caspase-3 activity↓, p-tau-1 protein level↑, cleaved-tau protein level↓, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK protein levels↓ | [128] |
Lycium barbarum | LBA | l-Glu- or NMDA-exposed cortical neurons | Cell viability↑, maintained their integrity and fasciculation of neurites | LDH release and caspase-3 activity↓, p-JNK-1/JNK protein level ratio↓ | [129] |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | β-glucan | SCO-treated SD rats | Learning, memory, and locomotor in MWM and PTT↑ | AChE activity↓ | [130] |
Flammulina velutipes | FVP | SCO-treated Wistar rats | Learning and memory in MWM and PTT↑ | SOD and GPx activities↑, TBARS level↓, Ach, 5-HT, DA and NE content↑, ChAT activity↑, AChE activity↓, connexin 36 and p-CaMK II protein level↑ in hippocampus and cerebral cortex | [131] |
Lycium barbarum | LBPs | SCO-treated SD rats | Learning and memory in MWM, NOR and OLR↑, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in dentate gyrus↑ | SOD and GPX activities↑, MDA content↓, Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓ in hippocampus | [132] |
Lycium barbarum | LBP | d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Weight gain↑, learning and memory in Jumping test↑, thymus and spleen indices↑ | Lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin and MAO-B contents↓ in brain | [133] |
Polygonatum sibiricum | PSP | SCO-treated Kunming mice | Learning and memory in SDT and Memory test↑ | SOD and GPx activities↑, MDA content↓ | [134] |
Panax ginseng | WGOS | SCO-treated ICR mice | Learning and memory in MWM and NOR↑ | mRNA levels of GFAP, IL-1β and IL-6↓ in hippocampus, number of GFAP-positive cells↓ in hippocampal subregions | [135] |
Lentinus edodes | LT2 | d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Erythrocyte membrane fluidity↑ | SOD and GPx activities↑ in liver, heart and brain | [136] |
Angelica sinensis | ASP | d-Gal-treated C57BL/6J mice | Percentage of ageing cells↓ | Advanced glycation end-product level in serum↓, ROS level↓, TAOC content↑, 8-OHDG content↓, 4-HNE level↓, protein levels of H2A histone family member X, p16, p21, p53, β-catenin, p-GSK-3β and transcription factor 4↓, mRNA levels of p16, p21 and β-catenin↓, GSK-3β protein level↑ | [137] |
Tricholoma lobayense | TLH-3 | t-BHP-exposed HELF cells; d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Cell viability↑, percentage of ageing cells↓, ratio of G0/G1phase↓, nucleic morphological changes↓ in HELF cells | ROS level↓, in HELF cells; SOD and CAT activities↑, MDA content↓, in mouse liver and serum | [138] |
Cuscuta chinensis Lam | PCCL | d-Gal-treated SD rats | Apoptosis rate of cardiomyoctyes↓ | Calcium overload↓, Bax/Bcl-2 protein level ratio↓, caspase-3 activity↓, cytochrome c release↓ | [139] |
Ganoderma atrum | PSG-1 | d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Weight gain↑, lymphocyte proliferation↑ | MDA content↓, SOD, CAT and GPx activities↑, GSH level↑, GSSG level↓ in liver, brain and spleen | [140] |
Auricularia auricula-judae | APP 1-a | d-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Spleen and thymus indexes↑ | MDA content↓, SOD and GPx activities↑ in liver, serum and heart | [141] |
Saccharina japonica | DJ0.5 | 6-OHDA-exposed MES 23.5 cells and SH-SY5Y cells | Cell viability↑ | [142] |
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Li, H.; Ding, F.; Xiao, L.; Shi, R.; Wang, H.; Han, W.; Huang, Z. Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides and Their Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2017, 9, 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070778
Li H, Ding F, Xiao L, Shi R, Wang H, Han W, Huang Z. Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides and Their Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070778
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Haifeng, Fei Ding, Lingyun Xiao, Ruona Shi, Hongyu Wang, Wenjing Han, and Zebo Huang. 2017. "Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides and Their Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070778