Prenatal Vitamin D Intake, Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Offspring Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment of Maternal Vitamin D Intake
2.3. Assessment of Offspring Vitamin D Intake
2.4. Assessment of 25(OH)D
2.5. Assessment of Offspring Size and Body Composition
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Analysis 1: Vitamin D intake (Table 2)
3.2. Analysis 2: Neonatal Body Size and Composition (Table 3)
3.3. Analysis 3: Postnatal Body Size and Composition
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) or N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | ||
Age (years) | 27.6 | (6.3) |
Race | ||
Hispanic | 156 | (26%) |
Non-Hispanic white | 328 | (54%) |
Black | 87 | (14%) |
Other | 34 | (6%) |
Education | ||
<High school degree | 94 | (16%) |
High school degree | 114 | (19%) |
A college or 2-year degree | 139 | (23%) |
4-year degree | 126 | (21%) |
Graduate degree | 132 | (22%) |
Household income | ||
<$40,000 | 185 | (31%) |
$40,000–$70,000 | 112 | (19%) |
>$70,000 | 192 | (32%) |
Missing/do not know | 116 | (19%) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 | (6.5) |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 14.0 | (6.6) |
Prenatal oral vitamin D intake (IU/day) (n = 305) | 415 | (453) |
Neonatal characteristics | ||
Female (n) | 289 | (48%) |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.5 | (1.1) |
Season of birth | ||
Summer (June, July, August) | 189 | (31%) |
Fall (September, October, November) | 140 | (23%) |
Winter (December, January, February) | 128 | (21%) |
Spring (March, April, May) | 148 | (24%) |
Total 25(OH)D in cord blood (nmol/L) | 56.0 | (21.2) |
Body size and composition | ||
Total mass (g) | 3158 | (412) |
Fat-free mass (g) | 2858 | (332) |
Fat mass (g) | 300 | (147) |
Adiposity (%) | 9.3 | (3.8) |
Postnatal characteristics (n = 348) | ||
Age at postnatal visit (months) | 5.1 | (1.3) |
Exclusive breastfeeding (%) | 151 | (43%) |
Use of infant vitamin D-containing supplements (%) | 156.0 | (30%) |
Body size and composition | ||
Total mass (g) | 6860 | (881) |
Fat-free mass (g) | 5185 | (626) |
Fat mass (g) | 1675 | (507) |
Adiposity (%) | 24.1 | (5.5) |
Beta | (SE) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | –3.2 | (0.8) | <0.001 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic white | 1.0 | (ref) | |
Non-Hispanic black | –15.6 | (3.4) | <0.001 |
Hispanic | –8.2 | (3.0) | 0.006 |
Daily prenatal oral vitamin D intake (per 100 IU) | 0.6 | (0.2) | 0.01 |
Season of birth | |||
Summer | 1.0 | (ref) | |
Fall | –6.8 | (2.9) | 0.02 |
Winter | –12.1 | (3.1) | <0.001 |
Spring | –10.4 | (2.9) | <0.001 |
Simple Model | Simple Model + BMI | Simple Model + GWG | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | (SE) | p-Value | Beta | (SE) | p-Value | Beta | (SE) | p-Value | |
Total mass (g) | |||||||||
Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | –1.44 | (0.76) | 0.06 | –6.22 | (2.67) | 0.02 | –5.13 | (1.68) | 0.002 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (5 kg/m2) | 2.08 | (27.11) | 0.94 | ||||||
Total 25(OH)D × BMI | 1.05 | (0.50) | 0.04 | ||||||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | –4.19 | (6.13) | 0.49 | ||||||
Total 25(OH)D × GWG | 0.26 | (0.11) | 0.02 | ||||||
Fat-free mass (g) | |||||||||
Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | –0.91 | (0.59) | 0.12 | –0.58 | (0.60) | 0.33 | –3.74 | (1.31) | 0.005 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (5 kg/m2) | 28.64 | (9.46) | 0.003 | ||||||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | –3.86 | (4.79) | 0.42 | ||||||
Total 25(OH)D x GWG | 0.20 | (0.09) | 0.02 | ||||||
Fat mass (g) | |||||||||
Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | –0.48 | (0.30) | 0.11 | –0.19 | (0.30) | 0.51 | –0.52 | (0.30) | 0.08 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (5 kg/m2) | 24.75 | (4.71) | 0.0001 | ||||||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 2.72 | (0.90) | 0.003 | ||||||
Adiposity (%) | |||||||||
Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | –0.02 | (0.01) | 0.05 | –0.01 | (0.01) | 0.25 | –0.02 | (0.01) | 0.04 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (5 kg/m2) | 0.57 | (0.12) | 0.0001 | ||||||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 0.05 | (0.02) | 0.02 |
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Sauder, K.A.; Koeppen, H.J.; Shapiro, A.L.B.; Kalata, K.E.; Stamatoiu, A.V.; Ringham, B.M.; Glueck, D.H.; Norris, J.M.; Dabelea, D. Prenatal Vitamin D Intake, Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Offspring Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070790
Sauder KA, Koeppen HJ, Shapiro ALB, Kalata KE, Stamatoiu AV, Ringham BM, Glueck DH, Norris JM, Dabelea D. Prenatal Vitamin D Intake, Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Offspring Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070790
Chicago/Turabian StyleSauder, Katherine A., Hallie J. Koeppen, Allison L.B. Shapiro, Kathryn E. Kalata, Alexandra V. Stamatoiu, Brandy M. Ringham, Deborah H. Glueck, Jill M. Norris, and Dana Dabelea. 2017. "Prenatal Vitamin D Intake, Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, and Offspring Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070790