Meteorological and Nutrient Conditions Influence Microcystin Congeners in Freshwaters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Regional Analysis of the Great Lakes Intake Sites
2.2. Global Analysis of the Peer-Reviewed Literature
3. Discussion
3.1. Regional Relationship between Congener Occurrence and Environmental Conditions
3.2. Global Relationships between Congener Occurrence and Environmental Conditions
4. Conclusions
- In the Laurentian Great Lakes, MC-LA was often more prevalent than MC-LR, and its concentration has increased over the last decade at several sites.
- The more toxic congeners (MC-LA and -LR) occurred under both low nutrient (MC-LA) and high nutrient (MC-LR) concentrations, while meteorological conditions (wind speed and precipitation) determined the relative concentration of each.
- Meso-oligotrophic waters with intermediate winds and frequent rain events showed greater percentage of MC-LA, while low winds or high winds combined with warm, nutrient-rich conditions showed greater percentage of MC-LR and -RR.
- Environmental conditions and related MC congener dominance were geographically distinct, with conditions that favoured MC-LA in the western part of our regional study (Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, and parts of Lake Erie), but windy, warm, eutrophic conditions that favoured MC-LR observed to the east in Lake Ontario’s Bay of Quinte.
- Globally, MC-LA and MC-LR also showed geographically distinct patterns, with a smaller percentage of MC-LA in Africa, Europe and Asia, compared to North and South America. These patterns of MC congener dominance were associated with differences in lake morphometry and nutrient concentrations: MC-LA tended to be more prevalent in smaller lakes while MC-LR peaked in eutrophic lakes.
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Great Lakes Regional Analysis
5.1.1. Analytical Data
5.1.2. Statistical Analysis
5.2. Global Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Factor | Percentile | Stn near L Ontario (N = 456) | Stn near L St. Clair and Detroit R (N = 236 & 118) | Stn near L Erie (N = 476) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MAT | min | −7.5 | −9.3 | −13.7 |
5th | −2.6 | −4.4 | −9.2 | |
35th | 8.8 | 6.7 | 2.3 | |
50th | 14.3 | 13.0 | 10.3 | |
75th | 23.5 | 20.9 | 21.4 | |
95th | 27.4 | 24.8 | 25.5 | |
max | 28.8 | 26.5 | 27.5 | |
Precipitation | min | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
5th | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | |
35th | 48.1 | 54.1 | 5.5 | |
50th | 70.5 | 73.8 | 42.6 | |
75th | 98.0 | 110.2 | 73.2 | |
95th | 125.3 | 166.3 | 122.7 | |
max | 195.6 | 207.0 | 150.0 | |
Wind direction | min | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5th | 4.0 | 7.2 | 2.8 | |
35th | 24.0 | 21.0 | 19.0 | |
50th | 25.0 | 23.0 | 20.5 | |
75th | 28.0 | 26.0 | 22.8 | |
95th | 31.0 | 29.0 | 34.3 | |
max | 35.0 | 34.0 | 36.0 | |
Wind speed | min | 32.3 | 36.1 | 36.2 |
5th | 33.7 | 37.3 | 39.3 | |
35th | 52.5 | 52.0 | 45.1 | |
50th | 57.0 | 60.0 | 51.0 | |
75th | 69.0 | 74.0 | 65.0 | |
95th | 91.0 | 95.3 | 78.5 | |
max | 100.0 | 111.0 | 100.0 |
Water Source | Percentile | L Ontario (N = 771 n sites = 4) | L St. Clair (N = 128 n sites = 2) | Detroit R (N = 30 n site = 1) | L Erie (N = 195 n sites = 4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | min | 25.0 | 79.0 | 112.0 | 104.0 |
5th | 180.2 | 209.0 | 139.6 | 170.6 | |
35th | 460.0 | 390.0 | 320.2 | 330.0 | |
50th | 510.0 | 490.0 | 345.0 | 416.5 | |
75th | 610.0 | 888.0 | 413.0 | 576.0 | |
95th | 869.8 | 1982.0 | 558.8 | 730.9 | |
max | 2896.0 | 4020.0 | 1340.0 | 1244.0 | |
TP | min | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
5th | 12.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |
35th | 22.0 | 15.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | |
50th | 27.0 | 18.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | |
75th | 39.0 | 25.0 | 15.5 | 19.0 | |
95th | 63.0 | 36.0 | 28.5 | 42.2 | |
max | 675.0 | 66.0 | 179.0 | 139.0 |
Great Lakes Basin Dataset | Global Dataset | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Intake Sites | N & S America | Africa, Asia, Europe & Oceana | |||||||
Depth at Intake (m) | Distance from Shore (m) | TP (µg/L) | Surface Area (ha) | Maximum Depth (m) | TP (µg/L) | Surface Area (ha) | Maximum Depth (m) | TP (µg/L) | |
Range | 0–12 | 0–1300 | 5–675 | 4.38–72,500 | 1–44 | 2–2047 | 0.7–305,000 | 1–175 | 2–14,420 |
Median | 5 | 340 | 20 | 127 | 5.4 | 41.5 | 521 | 7.4 | 69 |
Mean | 5.1 | 320 | 27 | 1633 | 7.7 | 150 | 11065 | 17 | 700.7 |
N | 17 | 16 | 17 | 65 | 69 | 60 | 108 | 110 | 95 |
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Taranu, Z.E.; Pick, F.R.; Creed, I.F.; Zastepa, A.; Watson, S.B. Meteorological and Nutrient Conditions Influence Microcystin Congeners in Freshwaters. Toxins 2019, 11, 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110620
Taranu ZE, Pick FR, Creed IF, Zastepa A, Watson SB. Meteorological and Nutrient Conditions Influence Microcystin Congeners in Freshwaters. Toxins. 2019; 11(11):620. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110620
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaranu, Zofia E., Frances R. Pick, Irena F. Creed, Arthur Zastepa, and Sue B. Watson. 2019. "Meteorological and Nutrient Conditions Influence Microcystin Congeners in Freshwaters" Toxins 11, no. 11: 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110620