Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Growth and Toxin Production of K. selliformis
2.2. Stability of GYM-A in Culture Medium at Different pH
2.3. Comparison of Different Techniques for Harvesting GYMs
2.4. Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method
2.4.1. Extraction and Dispersion Solvents
2.4.2. Volume of Dichloromethane
2.4.3. Stirring Time
2.5. Application of the Optimized Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Culture of Microalgae and Toxin Production
4.3. Extraction of Toxins
4.3.1. Microalgal Cells
4.3.2. Culture Medium
4.4. Stability of GYM-A in the Culture Medium with Different pH
4.5. Comparison of Different Toxin Harvesting Methods
4.6. Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Extraction
4.6.1. Extraction and Dispersion Solvents
4.6.2. Dichloromethane Volume
4.6.3. Stirring Time
4.7. Application of LLE for Toxin Collection from Microalgal Cultures
4.8. LC-MS/MS Analysis
4.9. Data Processing
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extraction Method | Operation Process | Solvent Cost | Time Cost | Economic Cost (RMB) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HP20 resin adsorption | resin activation adsorption toxin desorption | 10 mL methanol | 1 day | 3.00 | 42 |
Filtration | suction filtration filter cut off freeze-thaw probe sonication | 30 mL methanol | 50~60 min | 25.05 | 34 |
Centrifugation | centrifugation freeze-thaw probe sonication | 20 mL methanol | 30~40 min | 1.10 | 78 |
LLE | liquid-liquid extraction stand | 27.5 mL dichloromethane | 25 min | 1.07 | 92 |
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Tang, Z.; Qiu, J.; Wang, G.; Ji, Y.; Hess, P.; Li, A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins 2021, 13, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110793
Tang Z, Qiu J, Wang G, Ji Y, Hess P, Li A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins. 2021; 13(11):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110793
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Zhixuan, Jiangbing Qiu, Guixiang Wang, Ying Ji, Philipp Hess, and Aifeng Li. 2021. "Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis" Toxins 13, no. 11: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110793