Zearalenone and the Immune Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effect of ZEA on Gut Immunity
3. Effect of ZEA on Innate Immune Response
4. Effect of Zearalenone on Adaptive Immune Response
4.1. Effect of Zearalenone on Humoral Immune Response
4.2. Effect of Zearalenone on Cellular Immune Response
5. Effect of Zearalenone on Immune Organs
6.Mechanisms of Action
6.1. Mechanisms Triggered by ZEA in Proliferation of the Immune Cell
6.2. Mechanisms Triggered by ZEA in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect (s) | Species/Cell Type | Dose/Time of ZEA Administration | References |
---|---|---|---|
↑ IgE, ↓ IgM no changes of IgG and IgA | BALB/c mice female | 20 mg/kg b.w. 14 days | [38] |
↓ IgG, IgA ↑ IgM | Pregnant rats | 100,150 mg/kg feed 7 days | [70] |
↓ IgG, IgM, IgE no changes of IgA | Wistar rats female |
0, 1, 5, 30 mg/kg b.w. 36 days | [72] |
↓ Ig A, Ig G | BALB/c mice, female | 40 mg/kg b.w. 48h | [71] |
↓ IgG ↑ Ig M | Wistar rats male | 2 mg/kg b.w./week 3 weeks | [69] |
↓ Ig G no changes of IgA, IgM | Prepubertal gilts | 200, 800, 1600 μg/kg feed 14 days | [73] |
↓ IgG, IgM no changes of IgA | Piglets male | 0.8 mg/kg feed 4 weeks | [74] |
↓ IgG, IgM in serum ↑ IgA in serum | Kunming mice, female | 30 mg/kg b.w. 12 days | [75] |
↓ IgG in serum no changes on IgA, IgM | post-weaning female piglets | 1.1-3.2 mg/kg feed 18 days | [76] |
no effect of serum IgG, IgM, IgA | B6C3F1 mice | 10 mg/kg feed 6 weeks | [77] |
↓ IgG, IgA, IgM in cell SN | Swine PBMC | 10 mM 7 days | [19] |
↓ IgG ↓ IgM | BALB/c mice | 5, 10, 15 mg/kg b.w./day 2 weeks | [66] |
Effect (s) | Species/Cell Type | Dose/Time of ZEA Administration | References |
---|---|---|---|
↓ B cells producing IgM to SRBC 1 | Wistar rats female | 3 mg/kg b.w. 28 days | [57] |
No differences in humoral immune response against SRBC 1 | prepubertal gilts | 0.75 mg/kg feed 21 days | [81] |
↓ Ab titer to porcine parvovirus | Wistar rats | 5 mg/kg b.w. 36 days | [72] |
↓ Ab titer to swine plague | post-weaning female piglets | 1.1–3.2 mg/kg feed 18 days | [76] |
No effect on the splenic PFC 2 response to SRBC 1 Delayed hypersensitivity response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin | B6C3F1 female mice | 10 mg/kg b.w. 2–8 weeks | [79] |
Effect (s) | Species/Cell Type | Dose/Time of ZEA Administration | References |
---|---|---|---|
↓ CD4+, CD8+, CD11c+ in spleen ↓ CD4+, CD8+, F4/80+ and ↑ CD19+ and CD11c+ in the mesenteric lymph nodes ↑TNFα and apoptosis, ↓ IL-6 | BALB/c mice (female, 7-week-old) | 5,20 mg/kg b.w.2 weeks | [38] |
ZEA 100 and 150 mg/kg: ↓ viability of splenocytes ↓ T-cell proliferation Induce histopathological damage in spleen ZEA 150mg/kg: ↑ interleukin IL-6, IL-18 and IL-1β ↓ interferon-γ, TNFα and IL-10 in spleen | Sprague Dawley Pregnant Rats | 50, 100, 150 mg/kg b.w. 7 days | [70] |
disrupt the proliferation of CD4+8+ in peripheral blood cells | Polish Landrace x Polish Large White crossbreeds | 0.5 mg/kg 6 weeks | [105] |
↓ IL-1 in thymus and spleen ↓ IFN-γ in serum ↓ IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 in thymus ↓ IL-10 and IFN-γ in the spleen | Wistar rat | 1, 5, 30 mg/kg b.w. 36 days | [72] |
↓ CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD56+ cells | BALB/c mice | 40 mg/kg b.w. 48h | [71] |
↓ CD4+, CD8+ cells in peripheral blood | BPC and SPC Sheep | 3.07– 14.49 μg/kg feed winter time | [106] |
ZEA 40 µM: Inhibit T cell-chemotaxis by CCL19 ↑ CD4+ T cells induced by CCL19 chemotaxis ZEA 20 µM: ↑ CD8+ T cells induced by CCL21 chemotaxis ↓ expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 and CCR2 | BALB/cmouse splenic lymphocytes | 10, 20, 40 µM 48h | [107] |
↓ CD3+CD4+ T cells ↑ CD3+CD8+ T cells | Female Kunming Mice | 20, 30 mg/kg b.w. 12 days | [108] |
↓ CD21+B, CD2+T, CD4+CD8−T ↑ CD8+CD4− and TCRγδ+ T | Polish Large White female | 0.1 mg/kg 42 days | [109] |
↓ CD4+CD8+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+(2 mg/kg) ↑ CD8+ (3.2 mg/kg) | Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc Piglets | 1.1, 2, 3.2 mg/kg feed 18 days | [76] |
↑ IL-1β and IL-6, ↓ IFN-γ cytoplasmic edema chromatin deformation splenic damages | Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc Piglets | 1.1, 2.0, 3.2 mg/kg feed 18 days | [110] |
↓ IFN-γ, IL-10↓ proliferation | kidneys of piglets | 0.8 mg/kg 4 weeks | [111] |
↑ IL-2, ↓ IL-6 | Isa Brown chicken splenic lymphocytes | 0.1–25 μg/mL 48 h | [82] |
Effect (s) | Species/Cell Type | Dose/Time of ZEA Administration | References |
---|---|---|---|
Thymic atrophy with histological and thymocyte phenotype changes and decrease in the B cell percentage in the spleen | Wistar rats | 3.0 mg/kg b.w. 28 days | [57] |
Atrophy of white pulp and swelling of red pulp | post-weanling gilts | 2.0, 3.2 mg/kg feed 18 days | [110] |
No effect on spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights | one-day-old broiler chicks | 10–800 mg/kg feed 21 days | [113] |
No effect on spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights | one-day -old broiler chicks | 50–800 mg/kg feed 3 weeks | [114] |
Enlargement of the spleen in males | Sprague Dawley rats | 1.25, 3.75 mg/kg b.w. 8 weeks | [115] |
No effect on spleen weight | Sprague Dawley rats | 0.5, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 mg/kg b.w. 4 weeks | [116] |
No effect on spleen weight | BALB/c mice female, 7-weeks-old | 5, 20 mg/kg b.w. 14 days | [38] |
No effect on spleen weight | White Leghorn female chickens, 2-weeks-old | 50, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg b.w. 7 days | [117] |
No macroscopic changes and no histopathologic effect on lymph nodes | 32-day-old gilts | 0.75 mg/kg feed 21 days | [81] |
No effect on thymus and spleen weights No histopathologic changes | B6C3F1 weanling female mice | 10 mg/kg feed 56 days | [77] |
Decreased immune organ weight and lymphocyte counts, lymphoid atrophy and depletion in the spleen | BALB/c female mice | 40, 80 mg ZEN/kg b.w. 28 days | [118] |
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Bulgaru, C.V.; Marin, D.E.; Pistol, G.C.; Taranu, I. Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins 2021, 13, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040248
Bulgaru CV, Marin DE, Pistol GC, Taranu I. Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins. 2021; 13(4):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040248
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulgaru, Cristina Valeria, Daniela Eliza Marin, Gina Cecilia Pistol, and Ionelia Taranu. 2021. "Zearalenone and the Immune Response" Toxins 13, no. 4: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040248