Bergamottin and 5-Geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin Cooperate in the Cytotoxic Effect of Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) Essential Oil in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bergamottin (BRG) and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin (5-G-7-MOC) Induce Cytotoxic Effects in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.2. BRG and 5-G-7-MOC Promote Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.3. BRG and 5-G-7-MOC Force SH-SY5Y Cells out of the Cell Cycle
2.4. BRG and 5-G-7-MOC Increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production and Impair Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (∆Ψm)
2.5. BRG and 5-G-7-MOC Modulate Apoptosis-Related Factors in SH-SY5Y Cells at Both Gene and Protein Level
2.6. BRG and 5-G-7-MOC Synergistically Cooperate to Induce Cytotoxic Effects in SH-SY5Y Cells
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Cell Culture and Treatments
5.2. Cell Viability and Proliferation Assays
5.3. Cytofluorimetric Analyses
5.3.1. Apoptosis Evaluation
5.3.2. Cell Cycle Evaluation
5.4. Determination of ROS and ∆ψm
5.5. Real-Time PCR
5.6. Western Blot
5.7. Drug Combination Treatments and Analysis of Synergistic Effect
5.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | NCBI Reference Sequence | Primer Sequence |
---|---|---|
p53 | NM_000546.6 | Forward: 5′-GTGTGGAGTATTTGGATGAC-3′ Reverse: 5′-ATGTAGTTGTAGTGGATGGT-3′ |
Bax | NM_138764.5 | Forward: 5′-GGACGAACTGGACAGTAACATGG-3′ Reverse: 5′-GCAAAGTAGAAAAGGGCGACAAC-3′ |
Bcl-2 | NM_000657.3 | Forward: 5′-ATCGCCCTGTGGATGACTGAG-3′ Reverse: 5′-CAGCCAGGAGAAATCAAACAGAGG-3′ |
Bcl-XL | NM_138578.3 | Forward: 5′-CGGTACCGGCGGGCATTCAG-3′ Reverse: 5′-CGGCTCTCGGCTGCTGCATT-3′ |
CASP3 | NM_004346.4 | Forward: 5′-AGCACCTGGTTATTATTCTTGG-3′ Reverse: 5′-GCTTGTCGGCATACTGTT-3′ |
CASP9 | NM_001229.5 | Forward: 5′-GCTCAGACCAGAGATTCG-3′ Reverse: 5′-ATCCTCCAGAACCAATGTC-3′ |
β-actin | NM_001101.5 | Forward: 5′-TTGTTACAGGAAGTCCCTTGCC-3′ Reverse: 5′-ATGCTATCACCTCCCCTGTGTG-3′ |
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Maugeri, A.; Lombardo, G.E.; Musumeci, L.; Russo, C.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G.; Cirmi, S.; Navarra, M. Bergamottin and 5-Geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin Cooperate in the Cytotoxic Effect of Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) Essential Oil in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins 2021, 13, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040275
Maugeri A, Lombardo GE, Musumeci L, Russo C, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Cirmi S, Navarra M. Bergamottin and 5-Geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin Cooperate in the Cytotoxic Effect of Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) Essential Oil in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins. 2021; 13(4):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040275
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaugeri, Alessandro, Giovanni Enrico Lombardo, Laura Musumeci, Caterina Russo, Sebastiano Gangemi, Gioacchino Calapai, Santa Cirmi, and Michele Navarra. 2021. "Bergamottin and 5-Geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin Cooperate in the Cytotoxic Effect of Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) Essential Oil in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line" Toxins 13, no. 4: 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040275