Efficient Adsorption of Deoxynivalenol by Porous Carbon Prepared from Soybean Dreg
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Adsorbents
2.1.1. SEM-EDS and HRTEM Analyses
2.1.2. BET Analyses
2.1.3. XRD and Raman Analyses
2.1.4. FTIR and XPS Analyses
2.2. DON Adsorption Studies
2.2.1. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
2.2.2. Effect of Initial Concentration
2.2.3. Effect of pH
2.2.4. Effect of Contact Time
2.2.5. Study on Adsorption Kinetics
2.2.6. Study on Adsorption Isotherm Model
2.2.7. Study of Adsorption Thermodynamics
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Adsorbents
4.3. Characterization of Adsorbents
4.4. Batch Adsorption Experiments
4.5. Adsorption Kinetic and Thermodynamics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Verheecke, C.; Liboz, T.; Mathieu, F. Microbial degradation of aflatoxin B1: Current status and future advances. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2016, 237, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Oueslati, S.; Romero-Gonzalez, R.; Lasram, S.; Frenich, A.G.; Vidal, J.L. Multi-mycotoxin determination in cereals and derived products marketed in Tunisia using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 2376–2381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erkekoğlu, P.; Şahin, G.; Baydar, T. A special focus on mycotoxin contamination in baby foods their presence and regulations. FABAD J. Pharm. Sci. 2008, 33, 51–66. [Google Scholar]
- Bryden, W.L. Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 173, 134–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, M.C.; Madec, S.; Coton, E.; Hymery, N. Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins 2016, 8, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wild, C.P.; Gong, Y.Y. Mycotoxins and human disease: A largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kebede, H.; Liu, X.; Jin, J.; Xing, F. Current status of major mycotoxins contamination in food and feed in Africa. Food Control 2020, 110, 106975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alizadeh, A.; Braber, S.; Akbari, P.; Kraneveld, A.; Garssen, J.; Fink-Gremmels, J. Deoxynivalenol and Its Modified Forms: Are There Major Differences? Toxins 2016, 8, 334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morooka, N.; Uratsuji, N.; Yoshizawa, T.; Yamamoto, H. Studies on the toxic substances in barley in fected with Fusarium spp. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. 1972, 13, 368–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karlovsky, P. Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 91, 491–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, M.; Chen, L.; Peng, Z.; Nussler, A.K.; Wu, Q.; Liu, L.; Yang, W. Mechanism of deoxynivalenol effects on the reproductive system and fetus malformation: Current status and future challenges. Toxicol. Vitro 2017, 41, 150–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Payros, D.; Alassane-Kpembi, I.; Pierron, A.; Loiseau, N.; Pinton, P.; Oswald, I.P. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms. Arch. Toxicol. 2016, 90, 2931–2957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, J. Updating techniques on controlling mycotoxins-A review. Food Control 2018, 89, 123–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amezqueta, S.; González-Peñas, E.; Lizarraga, T.; Murillo-Arbizu, M.; Lopez De Cerain, A. A simple chemical method reduces ochratoxin a in contaminated cocoa shells. J. Food Protect. 2008, 71, 1422–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mishra, S.; Dixit, S.; Dwivedi, P.D.; Pandey, H.P.; Das, M. Influence of temperature and pH on the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in aqueous medium: Comparative cytotoxicity of DON and degraded product. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2014, 31, 121–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murata, H.; Mitsumatsu, M.; Shimada, N. Reduction of feed-contaminating mycotoxins by ultraviolet irradiation: An in vitro study. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2008, 25, 1107–1110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Souza, A.F.; Borsato, D.; Lofrano, A.D.; de Oliveira, A.S.; Ono, M.A.; Bordini, J.G.; Hirozawa, M.T.; Yabe, M.J.S.; Ono, E.Y.S. In vitro removal of deoxynivalenol by a mixture of organic and inorganic adsorbents. World Mycotoxin J. 2015, 8, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abramson, D.; House, J.D.; Nyachoti, C.M. Reduction of deoxynivalenol in barley by treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate and heat. Mycopathologia 2005, 160, 297–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, C.; Ji, J.; Wu, S.; Sun, C.; Pi, F.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, L.; Sun, X. Saturated aqueous ozone degradation of deoxynivalenol and its application in contaminated grains. Food Control 2016, 69, 185–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Shao, H.; Luo, X.; Wang, R.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, D.; Chen, Z. In vivo toxicity assessment of deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat after ozone degradation. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2017, 34, 103–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwartz, H.E.; Hametner, C.; Slavik, V.; Greitbauer, O.; Bichl, G.; Kunz-Vekiru, E.; Schatzmayr, D.; Berthiller, F. Characterization of three deoxynivalenol sulfonates formed by reaction of deoxynivalenol with sulfur reagents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 8941–8948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khatibi, P.A.; Newmister, S.A.; Rayment, I.; McCormick, S.P.; Alexander, N.J.; Schmale, D.G. Bioprospecting for trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases in the fungal genus Fusarium yields functional enzymes with different abilities to modify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Appl. Environ. Microb. 2011, 77, 1162–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chowdhury, S.R.; Smith, T.K.; Boermans, H.J.; Woodward, B. Effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on hematology and immunology of turkeys. Poult. Sci. 2005, 84, 1698–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, G.; Miao, Y.; Sun, Z.; Zheng, S. Simultaneous adsorption of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone by mono- and di-alkyl cationic surfactants modified montmorillonites. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 511, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Tian, G.; Dong, G.; Bai, S.; Han, X.; Liang, J.; Meng, J.; Zhang, H. Research progress on the raw and modified montmorillonites as adsorbents for mycotoxins: A review. Appl. Clay Sci. 2018, 163, 299–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdel-Wahhab, M.A.; El-Kady, A.A.; Hassan, A.M.; Abd El-Moneim, O.M.; Abdel-Aziem, S.H. Effectiveness of activated carbon and Egyptian montmorillonite in the protection against deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 83, 174–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhattacharyya, K.G.; Gupta, S.S. Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: A review. Adv. Colloid Interface 2008, 140, 114–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adunphatcharaphon, S.; Petchkongkaew, A.; Greco, D.; D’Ascanio, V.; Visessanguan, W.; Avantaggiato, G. The Effectiveness of Durian Peel as a Multi-Mycotoxin Adsorbent. Toxins 2020, 12, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Avantaggiato, G.; Greco, D.; Damascelli, A.; Solfrizzo, M.; Visconti, A. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin adsorption efficacy of grape pomace. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 497–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aoudia, N.; Callu, P.; Grosjean, F.; Larondelle, Y. Effectiveness of mycotoxin sequestration activity of micronized wheat fibres on distribution of ochratoxin A in plasma, liver and kidney of piglets fed a naturally contaminated diet. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 1485–1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, R.R.; Vermeulen, S.; Haritova, A.; Fink-Gremmels, J. Isotherm modeling of organic activated bentonite and humic acid polymer used as mycotoxin adsorbents. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2011, 28, 1578–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Z.; Liu, N.; Yang, L.; Wang, J.; Song, S.; Nie, D.; Yang, X.; Hou, J.; Wu, A. Cross-linked chitosan polymers as generic adsorbents for simultaneous adsorption of multiple mycotoxins. Food Control 2015, 57, 362–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanpong, S.; Wongtangtintharn, S.; Pimpukdee, K.; Tengjaroenkul, B.; Khajarern, J. Efficacy of hydrate sodium calcium aluminosilicate and yeast cell wall to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in ducks. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2017, 57, 1637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madbouly, A.K.; Ibrahim, M.I.; Sehab, A.F.; Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. Co-occurrence of mycoflora, aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize and rice seeds from markets of different districts in Cairo, Egypt. Food Addit. Contam. Part B 2012, 5, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosicki, R.; Błajet-Kosicka, A.; Grajewski, J.; Twarużek, M. Multiannual mycotoxin survey in feed materials and feedingstuffs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2016, 215, 165–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avantaggiato, G.; Solfrizzo, M.; Visconti, A. Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22, 379–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kolosova, A.; Stroka, J. Substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins: A review. World Mycotoxin J. 2011, 4, 225–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nsor-Atindana, J.; Zhou, Y.; Saqib, M.N.; Chen, M.; Douglas Goff, H.; Ma, J.; Zhong, F. Enhancing the prebiotic effect of cellulose biopolymer in the gut by physical structuring via particle size manipulation. Food Res. Int. 2020, 131, 108935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagano, T.; Arai, Y.; Yano, H.; Aoki, T.; Kurihara, S.; Hirano, R.; Nishinari, K. Improved physicochemical and functional properties of okara, a soybean residue, by nanocellulose technologies for food development- A review. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 109, 105964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, P. Adsorption isotherms of microporous-mesoporous solids revisited. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 1995, 129, 157–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Song, W.; Ma, Q.; Xie, L.; Zhang, X.; Guo, H. Enhancement of CO2 Capture on Biomass-Based Carbon from Black Locust by KOH Activation and Ammonia Modification. Energy Fuels 2016, 30, 4181–4190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, W.; Ling, L.; Zha, Q.; Liu, L. Preparation of a pitch-based activated carbon with a high specific surface area. J. Mater. Sci. 1997, 32, 4447–4453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raymundo-Piñero, E.; Azaïs, P.; Cacciaguerra, T.; Cazorla-Amorós, D.; Linares-Solano, A.; Béguin, F. KOH and NaOH activation mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with different structural organisation. Carbon 2005, 43, 786–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, T.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, X.; Gao, Y.; Li, H. A Facile and Low-Cost Route to Heteroatom Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Broussonetia Papyrifera Bark with Excellent Supercapacitance and CO2 Capture Performance. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ferrari, A.C.; Robertson, J. Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamondlike carbon. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 64, 075414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, T.; Chen, I.-W.; Liu, F.; Yang, C.; Bi, H.; Xu, F.; Huang, F. Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemical energy storage. Science 2015, 350, 1508–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ying, Z.; Huang, L.; Ji, L.; Li, H.; Liu, X.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, J.; Yi, G. Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using a High Specific Surface Area Porous Carbon Derived from Soybean Dreg. Materials 2021, 14, 1754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhary, S.; Mungse, H.P.; Khatri, O.P. Hydrothermal deoxygenation of graphene oxide: Chemical and structural evolution. Chem. Asian J. 2013, 8, 2070–2078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Datsyuk, V.; Kalyva, M.; Papagelis, K.; Parthenios, J.; Tasisb, D.; Siokou, A.; Kallitsis, I.; Galiotis, C. Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2008, 46, 833–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, V.K.; Gupta, B.; Rastogi, A.; Agarwal, S.; Nayak, A. A comparative investigation on adsorption performances of mesoporous activated carbon prepared from waste rubber tire and activated carbon for a hazardous azo dye-Acid Blue. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186, 891–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, Y.S.; McKay, G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem. 1999, 34, 451–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langmuir, I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1918, 40, 1361–1403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.; Li, C.; Lin, Z. EDTA-induced self-assembly of 3D graphene and its superior adsorption ability for paraquat using a teabag. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 19766–19773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Yuan, X.; Wu, Y.; Huang, H.; Zeng, G.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Lin, N.; Qi, Y. Adsorption characteristics and behaviors of graphene oxide for Zn (II) removal from aqueous solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 279, 432–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leng, L.; Yuan, X.; Huang, H.; Shao, J.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; Zeng, G. Bio-char derived from sewage sludge by liquefaction: Characterization and application for dye adsorption. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 346, 223–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horky, P.; Venusova, E.; Aulichova, T.; Ridoskova, A.; Skladanka, J.; Skalickova, S. Usability of graphene oxide as a mycotoxin binder: In vitro study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0239479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Han, Y.; Xie, C.; Liu, N. Adsorption of deoxynivalenol by pillared montmorillonite. Food Chem. 2021, 343, 128391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galvano, F.; Pietri, A.; Bertuzzi, T.; Piva, A.; Chies, L.; Galvano, M. Activated carbons: In vitro affinity for ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. J. Food Prot. 1998, 61, 469–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galvano, F.; Pietri, A.; Bertuzzi, T.; Bognanno, M.; Chies, L.; de Angelis, A.; Galvano, M. Activated carbons: In vitro affinity for fumonisin B1 and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. J. Food Prot. 1997, 60, 985–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avantaggiato, G.; Havenaar, R.; Visconti, A. Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by an in vitro gastrointestinal model, and the binding efficacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004, 42, 817–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernd, R. Preparation and characterization of K2CO3-doped powdered activated carbon for effective in-vitro adsorption of deoxynivalenol. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2021, 15, 100703. [Google Scholar]
- Do, D.D. Adsorption Analysis: Equilibria and Kinetics; Imperial College Press: London, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Müller, B.R.; Majoni, S.; Meissner, D.; Memming, R. Photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on micrometer- and nanometer-sized semiconductor particles. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2002, 151, 253–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takaesu, H.; Matsui, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Matsushita, T.; Shirasaki, N. Micro-milling superfine powdered activated carbon decreases adsorption capacity by introducing oxygen/hydrogen-containing functional groups on carbon surface from water. Water Res. 2019, 155, 66–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample | Specific Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
SDB-6-KOH | 3655.95 ± 57.51 | 1.936 ± 0.044 | 2.125 ± 0.015 |
SDB-6-K2CO3 | 1444.46 ± 13.85 | 0.651 ± 0.005 | 1.839 ± 0.087 |
SDB-6-KHCO3 | 1443.67 ± 9.99 | 0.635 ± 0.006 | 1.779 ± 0.009 |
Sample | C0 (µg mL−1) | qe,exp (µg mg−1) | Pseudo-First-Order | Pseudo-Second-Order | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,cal (µg mg−1) | k1 (min−1) | R2 | qe,cal (µg mg−1) | k2 (g·mg−1·min−1) | R2 | |||
SBD-6-KOH | 60 | 49.7590 | 0.02432 | 0.02018 | 0.7556 | 49.5540 | 0.0167 | 0.9998 |
Sample | T/K | Langmuir | Freundlich | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qm (µg mg−1) | KL | R2 | n | KF | R2 | ||
SDB-6-KOH | 298 | 53.1915 | 0.5296 | 0.9984 | 5.6462 | 27.8533 | 0.9207 |
308 | 53.2198 | 1.4322 | 0.9986 | 6.6242 | 31.5840 | 0.9534 | |
318 | 53.5619 | 1.4712 | 0.9996 | 8.2210 | 35.9436 | 0.8682 |
T | ΔG (kJ mol−1) | ΔH (kJ mol−1) | ΔS (J K−1 mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|
298 | −3.014 | 79.887 | 3.394 |
308 | −3.473 | ||
318 | −4.466 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ying, Z.; Zhao, D.; Li, H.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. Efficient Adsorption of Deoxynivalenol by Porous Carbon Prepared from Soybean Dreg. Toxins 2021, 13, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070500
Ying Z, Zhao D, Li H, Liu X, Zhang J. Efficient Adsorption of Deoxynivalenol by Porous Carbon Prepared from Soybean Dreg. Toxins. 2021; 13(7):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070500
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing, Zhiwei, Di Zhao, He Li, Xinqi Liu, and Jian Zhang. 2021. "Efficient Adsorption of Deoxynivalenol by Porous Carbon Prepared from Soybean Dreg" Toxins 13, no. 7: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070500