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Volume 14
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10.3390/toxins14110728
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Article

Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize

by
Michelangelo Pascale
1,*,
Antonio F. Logrieco
2,
Vincenzo Lippolis
2,
Annalisa De Girolamo
2,
Salvatore Cervellieri
2,
Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
2,
Biancamaria Ciasca
2,
Anna Vega
3,
Mareike Reichel
4,
Matthias Graeber
3 and
Katarina Slettengren
3,*
1
Institute of Food Sciences (ISA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
2
Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
3
Bühler AG, 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland
4
Eurofins WEJ Contaminants, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2022, 14(11), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728
Submission received: 23 September 2022 / Revised: 15 October 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 25 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from MycoKey - MycoTWIN - ISM international conference)
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Abstract

Grain cleaning is the most effective non-destructive post-harvest mitigation strategy to reduce high levels of mycotoxins on account of the removal of mold-infected grains and grain fractions with high mycotoxin content. In this study, the reduction in the concentration of some co-occurring Fusarium toxins in maize, namely deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs), was evaluated at an industrial-scale level by mechanical removal (sieving and density separation) of dust, coarse, small, broken, shriveled and low-density kernels and/or optical sorting of defected kernels. Samples were dynamically collected according to the Commission Regulation No. 401/2006 along the entire process line. Mycotoxin analyses of water–slurry aggregate samples were performed by validated LC methods. Depending on the contamination levels in raw incoming maize, the overall reduction rates ranged from 36 to 67% for DON, from 67 to 87% for ZEA and from 27 to 67% for FBs. High levels of DON, ZEA and FBs were found in all rejected fractions with values, respectively, up to 3030%, 1510% and 2680%, compared to their content in uncleaned maize. Results showed that grain cleaning equipment based on mechanical and or optical sorting technologies can provide a significant reduction in Fusarium toxin contamination in maize.
Keywords: maize; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; fumonisins; remediation; mechanical cleaning; optical sorting maize; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; fumonisins; remediation; mechanical cleaning; optical sorting
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pascale, M.; Logrieco, A.F.; Lippolis, V.; De Girolamo, A.; Cervellieri, S.; Lattanzio, V.M.T.; Ciasca, B.; Vega, A.; Reichel, M.; Graeber, M.; et al. Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins 2022, 14, 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728

AMA Style

Pascale M, Logrieco AF, Lippolis V, De Girolamo A, Cervellieri S, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Vega A, Reichel M, Graeber M, et al. Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins. 2022; 14(11):728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pascale, Michelangelo, Antonio F. Logrieco, Vincenzo Lippolis, Annalisa De Girolamo, Salvatore Cervellieri, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Anna Vega, Mareike Reichel, Matthias Graeber, and et al. 2022. "Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize" Toxins 14, no. 11: 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728

APA Style

Pascale, M., Logrieco, A. F., Lippolis, V., De Girolamo, A., Cervellieri, S., Lattanzio, V. M. T., Ciasca, B., Vega, A., Reichel, M., Graeber, M., & Slettengren, K. (2022). Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins, 14(11), 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728

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