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Volume 14
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10.3390/toxins14030167
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Review

Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review

by
Chinaza Godseill Awuchi
1,*,
Erick Nyakundi Ondari
1,
Sarah Nwozo
1,
Grace Akinyi Odongo
1,
Ifie Josiah Eseoghene
1,
Hannington Twinomuhwezi
2,
Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
3,
Anjani K. Upadhyay
4,
Ademiku O. Adeleye
5 and
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
6,*
1
Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
2
Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo, Kampala P.O. Box 1, Uganda
3
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria
4
Heredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
5
Faith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, Nigeria
6
Department of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167
Submission received: 31 December 2021 / Revised: 16 January 2022 / Accepted: 25 January 2022 / Published: 24 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxin Contamination and Food Safety)
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Abstract

Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.
Keywords: mycotoxins; mycotoxicosis; molds; disease; health risks mycotoxins; mycotoxicosis; molds; disease; health risks

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Awuchi, C.G.; Ondari, E.N.; Nwozo, S.; Odongo, G.A.; Eseoghene, I.J.; Twinomuhwezi, H.; Ogbonna, C.U.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Adeleye, A.O.; Okpala, C.O.R. Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins 2022, 14, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167

AMA Style

Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA, Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Adeleye AO, Okpala COR. Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins. 2022; 14(3):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167

Chicago/Turabian Style

Awuchi, Chinaza Godseill, Erick Nyakundi Ondari, Sarah Nwozo, Grace Akinyi Odongo, Ifie Josiah Eseoghene, Hannington Twinomuhwezi, Chukwuka U. Ogbonna, Anjani K. Upadhyay, Ademiku O. Adeleye, and Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala. 2022. "Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review" Toxins 14, no. 3: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167

APA Style

Awuchi, C. G., Ondari, E. N., Nwozo, S., Odongo, G. A., Eseoghene, I. J., Twinomuhwezi, H., Ogbonna, C. U., Upadhyay, A. K., Adeleye, A. O., & Okpala, C. O. R. (2022). Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins, 14(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030167

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