Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds Existing in Parthenium hysterophorus L. Leaf and Their Phytotoxicity on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Identified Compounds from P. hysterophorus Leaf Methanol Extract through LC-MS Analysis
2.2. Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds from P. hysterophorus Leaf Methanol Extract through LC–MS Analysis
2.3. Allelopathic Effects of the Phytochemicals on D. sanguinalis and E. indica
2.3.1. Effects on Germination and Early Growth of D. sanguinalis
2.3.2. Comparison between Phytochemicals in Their Effects on Growth Parameters
2.3.3. Germination and Early Growth of E. indica Treated with Detected Allelochemicals
2.3.4. Comparison of Phytochemicals in Their Effects on Examined Initial Growth Parameters
2.3.5. Cluster Analysis and Assessment of Principal Component Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Site Description
5.2. Extract Preparation
5.3. Identification of Phytotoxic Compounds from P. hysterophorus Leaf Methanol Extract
5.4. Experimental Treatments and Layout
5.5. Plant Materials and Compounds
5.6. Bioassay
5.7. Data Measurement
5.8. Identified Compounds from P. hysterophorus Leaf Extract
5.9. Details of the Phytotoxic Compounds
5.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Retention Time | m/z | Mass | Group | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene | 0.742 | 112.1123 | 94.0784 | Oils | [22] |
Octylamine | 5.022 | 130.1591 | 129.1518 | Unknown | |
3-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butanone | 0.779 | 142.1227 | 141.1154 | Unknown | |
Quinic acid | 12.116 | 181.12 | 180.1129 | Phenolics | [22,23] |
3,5-dimethyl-Phenol | 9.084 | 197.1164 | 196.1091 | Volatile oils | [24] |
Flossonol | 10.013 | 221.1164 | 220.1091 | Unknown | |
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl acetate | 3.583 | 227.0923 | 226.085 | Unknown | |
Undecenyl acetate | 11.071 | 235.1675 | 212.1782 | Unknown | |
Lumichrome | 9.802 | 243.0879 | 242.0807 | Unknown | |
D-Biotin | 10.156 | 245.0963 | 244.089 | Unknown | |
L-beta-aspartyl-L-leucine | 10.065 | 247.1293 | 246.1221 | Amino acids | [22,25] |
Histidylproline diketopiperazine | 10.117 | 249.1346 | 248.1275 | Amino acids | |
4,5-Dihydrovomifoliol | 10.356 | 249.1455 | 226.1563 | Volatile oils | [24] |
Carbamic Acid tert-butyl ester | 9.522 | 249.1468 | 231.113 | Unknown | |
Grosshemin (Parthenin) | 10.004 | 263.1267 | 262.1194 | Terpenoids, Phenolics | [22,25,26] |
Sudan Brown RR | 9.658 | 280.1556 | 262.1217 | Unknown | |
16-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid | 12.274 | 290.2681 | 272.2342 | Amino acids | [25] |
Artecanin | 8.592 | 296.1484 | 278.1145 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Autumnolide | 8.738 | 298.1637 | 280.1298 | Unknown | |
Hymenoflorin | 9.323 | 298.1655 | 280.1316 | Terpenoids | [25] |
N-Histidyl-2-Aminonaphthalene | 8.372 | 298.1658 | 280.132 | Unknown | |
EHNA | 8.18 | 300.1794 | 277.1901 | Unknown | |
Artemisinin | 9.229 | 300.1795 | 282.1456 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Dihydroartemisinin | 8.24 | 302.1951 | 284.1604 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Ligulatin B | 11.653 | 324.1801 | 306.1464 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Tetraneurin A | 9.918 | 340.176 | 322.1421 | Pseuguaianolids | [22] |
Chlorogenic acid | 8.09 | 300.183 | 282.1482 | Phenolics | [22,26] |
4-O-Demethyl-13-dihydroadriamycinone | 8.555 | 403.1035 | 402.0961 | Unknown | |
Cynaroside A | 7.774 | 462.2336 | 444.1996 | Flavonoids | |
Maltotriitol | 10.154 | 507.1936 | 506.1861 | Unknown | |
Hexafluoro-25-hydroxycholecalciferol | 10.109 | 531.2666 | 508.2779 | Unknown | |
p-benzamidophenyl ester | 10.099 | 548.2992 | 547.292 | Unknown | |
7-Deacetoxy-7-Oxokhivorin | 10.69 | 560.2848 | 542.2514 | Unknown |
Compounds | Retention Time | m/z | Mass | Group | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(-)-12-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrojasmonic acid | 11.517 | 227.12948 | 228.13676 | Volatile oils | [24] |
®-3-®-3-Hydroxybutanoyloxy) butanoate | 8.163 | 189.07773 | 190.08498 | Unknown | |
1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid | 0.682 | 209.06864 | 210.07593 | Unknown | |
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-4-methyl-2,7-diprenylxanthone | 6.831 | 393.1689 | 394.17594 | Unknown | |
16-bromo-9E-hexadecanoic acid | 8.268 | 367.10596 | 332.13723 | Amino acids | [27] |
17-α, 1-Dihydroxy-11,20-dioxo-5-β-pregnan-3-α-yl-β-d-glucuronide | 10.169 | 539.24843 | 540.24875 | Unknown | |
1 alpha,5alpha-Epidithio-17a-oxa-D-homoandrostan-3,17-dione | 9.818 | 365.12623 | 366.13357 | Unknown | |
1-Methylhypoxanthine | 0.725 | 149.04721 | 150.05456 | Unknown | |
2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione | 9.778 | 251.13009 | 252.13678 | Unknown | |
2,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-glutaric acid | 3.108 | 175.06173 | 176.06896 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
2,3-dinor Thromboxane B1 | 10.89 | 343.21388 | 344.22105 | Unknown | |
2,4,6-Triethyl-1,3,5-oxadithiane | 3.668 | 205.07267 | 206.08007 | Unknown | |
2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline | 7.794 | 219.08808 | 220.09536 | Unknown | |
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) | 7.299 | 511.14783 | 512.15661 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Vanillic acid) | 7.367 | 153.01983 | 154.02711 | Phenolics | [22,25,26] |
3-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate | 0.998 | 180.06692 | 181.07393 | Amino acids | |
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid | 8.307 | 239.09312 | 240.10037 | Amino acids | |
3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydro-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)- | 10.076 | 326.12684 | 291.15819 | Unknown | |
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-Butyric acid | 1.633 | 131.03516 | 132.04241 | Oils | [22] |
3-Hydroxylidocaine | 9.798 | 285.13672 | 250.16761 | Amino acids | |
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide | 4.138 | 359.09968 | 360.10747 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
3-propylmalic acid | 3.918 | 175.06159 | 176.0688 | Unknown | |
4-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-L-tryptophan | 10.178 | 307.12149 | 272.152 | Amino acids | [27] |
4,4′-Stilbenedicarboxamidine | 10.027 | 263.13026 | 264.13744 | Unknown | |
4-Cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexylamine | 10.128 | 311.15235 | 276.18326 | Unknown | |
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | 7.635 | 179.03577 | 180.04303 | Amino acids | [27] |
5,8,12-trihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid | 11.435 | 329.23494 | 330.24207 | Amino acids | [27] |
7-beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxybutylidenephthalide | 9.821 | 365.12586 | 266.1332 | Unknown | |
Abruquinone C | 10.18 | 375.10912 | 376.11641 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Absindiol | 10.36 | 301.12166 | 266.15233 | Terpenoids | [24] |
AFMK | 6.439 | 299.07923 | 264.10991 | Unknown | |
Ala Tyr Pro | 9.747 | 384.1318 | 349.1631 | Unknown | |
alpha-Carboxy-delta-decalactone | 10.168 | 213.11385 | 214.12108 | Unknown | |
Amlodipine | 8.963 | 407.137 | 408.14433 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Apodine | 8.371 | 401.12848 | 366.15935 | Flavonoids | |
Apuleidin | 0.966 | 359.07565 | 360.08359 | Flavonoids | |
Asparagoside F | 11.384 | 516.259 | 1034.5319 | Flavonoids | |
Austalide C | 9.327 | 573.23642 | 574.24438 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Baccatin III | 10.962 | 585.23644 | 586.24356 | Unknown | |
Benzocaine | 1.797 | 164.07181 | 165.07903 | Unknown | |
Benzyl O-[arabinofuranosyl-(1->6)-glucoside] | 9.634 | 401.14728 | 402.15456 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
beta-Snyderol | 0.718 | 299.10119 | 300.10852 | Unknown | |
Caffeic acid | 7.183 | 341.0894 | 342.09698 | Phenolics | [22,25,26] |
Cardiogenol C | 8.864 | 259.12027 | 260.12766 | Flavonoides | [25] |
Carteolol | 9.245 | 327.1469 | 292.17758 | Unknown | |
Cys Arg Asn | 8.928 | 390.1574 | 391.16503 | Amino acids | [27] |
Cys Asp Trp | 7.819 | 421.1202 | 422.12913 | Amino acids | [27] |
Delavirdine | 9.697 | 491.16194 | 456.19328 | Unknown | |
Diethyl (2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate | 9.422 | 203.09338 | 204.10062 | Unknown | |
Dihydroartemisinin | 7.893 | 283.15577 | 284.16289 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Diphenylcarbazide | 10.381 | 241.10929 | 242.11671 | Unknown | |
Enoxacin | 9.817 | 355.09854 | 320.12917 | Flavonoids | |
Ent-afzelechin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 9.752 | 435.1295 | 436.13611 | Cabohydrate | |
Eremopetasitenin B2 | 9.553 | 463.17991 | 464.18582 | Terpenoids | |
Ethotoin | 4.401 | 203.08308 | 204.09031 | Flavonoids | |
Ethyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate glucoside | 6.87 | 293.12519 | 294.13239 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate | 7.386 | 131.07191 | 132.07915 | Unknown | |
Ethyl Oxalacetate | 3.317 | 187.06185 | 188.06916 | Unknown | |
Fenspiride | 9.779 | 295.12102 | 260.15156 | Unknown | |
Ferulic acid | 9.84 | 193.05129 | 194.05855 | Phenolics | [22,25,26] |
Florilenalin | 10.259 | 299.10472 | 264.13681 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Fluvoxamine acid | 4.695 | 353.0896 | 318.12038 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6”-O-malonate | 9.121 | 515.12161 | 516.12902 | Unknown | [25] |
Ganglioside GT1b (d18:1/22:1(13Z)) | 10.45 | 1089.5495 | 2181.1127 | Unknown | [25] |
Gingerol | 13.113 | 293.1772 | 294.18435 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Gitonin | 10.546 | 524.25681 | 1050.5274 | Unknown | [25] |
Gly Val | 0.692 | 209.06916 | 174.09982 | Unknown | [25] |
Glycobismine A | 8.04 | 601.23429 | 602.24125 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Granisetron metabolite 4 glucuronide | 7.266 | 489.19925 | 490.20683 | Terpenoids | |
Guanosine | 1.22 | 282.08553 | 283.09279 | Unknown | |
Hinokitiol glucoside | 8.384 | 325.13062 | 326.13781 | Carbohydrate | [24] |
Imazethapyr | 10.179 | 324.11121 | 289.14209 | Unknown | |
Isobavachalcone | 7.011 | 323.12875 | 324.13481 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Isoetin 4′-glucuronide | 8.936 | 477.06972 | 478.07703 | Terpenoids | [25] |
Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalacto Pyranoside | 3.041 | 237.08105 | 238.08826 | Unknown | |
Isoxaben | 9.746 | 367.14195 | 332.17282 | Phenolics | [22,25,26] |
LPA(18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0) | 9.989 | 469.21108 | 434.24192 | Unknown | |
Leukotriene F4 | 6.989 | 603.25077 | 568.28124 | Unknown | |
Levoglucosan | 1.872 | 161.04586 | 162.05315 | Unknown | |
Licoagrone | 10.094 | 370.13067 | 742.28883 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Maltopentaose | 9.11 | 863.24564 | 828.2779 | Unknown | |
Manumycin A | 10.612 | 585.23644 | 550.26916 | Unknown | |
Melleolide L | 8.696 | 485.11475 | 450.14606 | Unknown | |
Mepiprazole | 8.597 | 303.13857 | 304.14582 | Unknown | |
Methitural | 1.936 | 287.09005 | 288.0975 | Unknown | |
Methyl ®-9-hydroxy-10-undecene-5,7-diynoate glucoside | 9.062 | 367.14164 | 368.14881 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
Methyl 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-p-toluate | 6.102 | 323.11808 | 288.14871 | Unknown | |
Methyl 6-O-digalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside- | 10.076 | 309.13704 | 310.14433 | Unknown | |
Methylthiomethyl 2-methylbutanethiolate | 0.925 | 177.04192 | 178.0498 | Unknown | |
Mitoxantrone | 7.792 | 479.17082 | 444.20125 | Unknown | |
Monodeallydihydroxyalmitrine | 7.792 | 506.18981 | 471.22059 | Unknown | |
Metofluthrin | 7.452 | 395.10599 | 360.13672 | Terpenoids | [25] |
N-Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO | 6.791 | 491.21465 | 492.22186 | Unknown | |
Nomilinic acid 17-glucoside | 7.361 | 747.2638 | 712.2946 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
Novobiocin | 8.00 | 611.22246 | 612.22878 | Flavonoids | |
N-Benzoylaspartic acid | 7.193 | 236.0572 | 237.06511 | Unknown | |
N-Carboxytocainide glucuronide | 4.809 | 447.11614 | 412.14707 | Terpenoids | |
N-Feruloylglycine | 7.739 | 250.07333 | 251.08065 | Unknown | |
N-Histidyl-2-Aminonaphthalene (βNA) | 8.382 | 279.12482 | 280.13203 | Unknown | |
N-isovalerylglycine | 4.074 | 158.08237 | 159.08961 | Amino acids | |
O-b-D-Gal-(1->3)-O-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-Galactose | 7.361 | 747.26473 | 748.27167 | Carbohydrate | |
Octadecanoic acid-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl ester | 9.992 | 487.22004 | 452.25135 | Unknown | |
Osmanthuside A | 1.275 | 445.14833 | 446.15547 | Unknown | |
p-Anisic acid | 5.121 | 151.04047 | 152.04764 | Phenolics | [23,26,28,29] |
Pantothenic Acid | 2.325 | 218.10344 | 219.11059 | Carbohydrate | [22] |
Phe Gln Cys | 10.04 | 395.14093 | 396.14923 | Unknown | |
Phe-Phe-OH | 8.36 | 455.1035 | 420.13444 | Unknown | |
Phomopsin A | 9.462 | 823.25172 | 788.28311 | Unknown | |
Pirenzepine | 7.02 | 350.16201 | 351.16907 | Flavonoids | [24] |
Podolactone B | 8.382 | 393.11983 | 394.12758 | Unknown | |
Polyethylene | 9.984 | 243.12483 | 244.13204 | Unknown | |
Prasugrel | 0.94 | 372.10699 | 373.11437 | Unknown | |
Procaterol | 9.339 | 325.13113 | 290.16163 | Unknown | |
Prostaglandin M | 6.886 | 327.1464 | 328.15356 | Unknown | |
Pumilaisoflavone B | 9.54 | 463.17725 | 464.18226 | Unknown | |
p-Salicylic acid | 9.691 | 137.0249 | 138.03214 | Flavonoids | |
Pseudomonine | 7.478 | 329.12565 | 330.13297 | Unknown | |
Pymetrozine | 4.305 | 216.08865 | 217.09607 | Unknown | |
Pyrimidifen | 7.763 | 753.36276 | 377.18236 | Unknown | |
Quinic acid | 1.733 | 191.05593 | 192.06314 | Phenolics | [24] |
Sandoricin | 10.709 | 587.25136 | 588.25887 | Unknown | |
Schizonepetoside C | 8.254 | 329.15925 | 330.16633 | Unknown | |
Scopolin | 7.497 | 353.08966 | 354.09698 | Unknown | |
Scutellarein 5-glucuronide | 9.323 | 461.07476 | 462.08215 | Unknown | |
Semilepidinoside A | 8.2 | 371.10076 | 336.13199 | Unknown | |
Senkirkine | 7.206 | 364.17768 | 365.18464 | Unknown | |
Septentriodine | 9.546 | 735.32993 | 700.36121 | Unknown | |
Sesamex | 8.316 | 297.1338 | 298.13951 | Unknown | |
Sulfometuron | 7.517 | 349.06195 | 350.06935 | Unknown | |
Sudan Brown RR | 10.168 | 523.23569 | 262.12103 | Unknown | |
Taraxacolide 1-O-b-D-glucopyranoside | 8.53 | 855.40326 | 428.20581 | Unknown | |
Tetraneurin A | 9.749 | 357.11227 | 322.14331 | Pseudo guaianolides | [22] |
Tetranor-PGEM | 8.757 | 325.12836 | 326.13554 | Unknown | |
Tolbutamide | 7.664 | 305.07242 | 270.10384 | Unknown | |
Torasemide | 9.091 | 347.11884 | 348.12624 | Flavonoids | [25] |
Toyocamycin | 0.844 | 290.09081 | 291.09822 | Unknown | |
Trans-trismethoxy Resveratrol-d4 | 1.263 | 309.12077 | 274.15123 | Unknown | |
Trimethylolpropane triacrylate | 9.781 | 295.11991 | 296.12733 | Unknown | |
Trp Glu Leu | 7.86 | 891.42472 | 446.21425 | Unknown | |
Trp Ser Pro | 7.828 | 387.16782 | 388.17496 | Unknown | |
Trp Thr Ile | 9.228 | 417.21434 | 418.22135 | Unknown | |
Tutin | 9.327 | 293.10437 | 294.11161 | Unknown | |
Ustiloxin D | 9.905 | 493.23059 | 494.23751 | Unknown | |
Val Trp Glu | 7.589 | 431.194 | 432.20106 | Unknown | |
Vanilloloside | 7.238 | 315.10961 | 316.117 | Unknown | |
Vinylacetylglycine | 1.368 | 142.05147 | 143.0587 | Unknown |
Sl No. | Compounds | Retention Time | m/z | Mass | Polarity | Synonyms | Chemical Formula | Chemical Structure | Biological Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Caffeic acid | 7.183 | 341.0894 | 342.09698 | Negative | 3-4-Dihydroxy cinnamic acid | C9H8O4 | Antifungal, dermatitis, autotoxic, inhibitory effect to other plants | [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] | |
3-(3,4-dihydroxy phenyl) acrylic acid | ||||||||||
2. | Ferulic acid | 9.84 | 193.05129 | 194.05855 | Negative | Trans-ferulic acid | C10H10O4 | |||
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid | ||||||||||
Coniferic acid | ||||||||||
2 Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) | ||||||||||
3. | Vanillic acid | 7.367 | 153.01983 | 154.02711 | Negative | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | C8H8O4 | |||
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy | ||||||||||
4. | Quinic acid | 12.116 | 181.12 | 180.1129 | Positive | D-(-)-Quinic acid | C7H12O6 | |||
Chinic acid | ||||||||||
Quinate | ||||||||||
1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | ||||||||||
5. | Parthenin | 10.004 | 263.1267 | 262.1194 | Positive | 10-alpha-H-Ambrosa-2,11(13)-1,6-beta di-hydroxy-4-oxo-,gamma –lactone | C15H18O4 | |||
Grosshemin | ||||||||||
Helenalin | ||||||||||
6. | Chlorogenic acid | 8.09 | 300.183 | 282.1421 | Positive | 3, O -caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | |||
3-(3,4-dihydroxy cinnamoyl) quinic acid | ||||||||||
3-caffeoylquinic acid | ||||||||||
1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | ||||||||||
7. | p-Anisic acid | 5.121 | 151.04047 | 152.04764 | Negative | 4-methoxy benzoic acid | C8H8O3 | |||
p-anisic acid | ||||||||||
p-methoxybenzoic acid |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 71.11 ± 1.92 bB (14.66) | 54.44 ± 1.92 cC (34.66) | 45.55 ± 1.92 dB (45.33) | 33.31 ± 3.30 eC (60.02) | 0.00 fE (100.00) |
Vanillic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 75.55 ± 1.92 bA (9.33) | 69.99 ± 3.33 cA (16.00) | 64.44 ± 1.92 dA (22.66) | 58.88 ± 1.92 eA (29.34) | 53.33 ± 3.33 fAB (36.00) |
Ferulic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 73.33 ± 3.33 bAB (12.00) | 66.66 ± 3.33 cAB (20.00) | 61.11 ± 1.92 dA (26.66) | 55.55 ± 1.92 eAB (33.33) | 52.22 ± 1.92 eAB (37.33) |
Chlorogenic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 73.33 ± 3.33 bAB (12.00) | 67.77 ± 1.92 bcAB (18.67) | 63.33 ± 3.33 cA (24.00) | 53.33 ± 3.33 dB (36.00) | 43.33 ± 3.33 eC (48.00) |
Quinic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 72.22 ± 1.92 bAB (13.33) | 66.66 ± 3.33 bcAB (20.00) | 64.44 ± 5.09 cA (22.66) | 59.99 ± 3.33 cA (28.00) | 52.21 ± 5.09 dAB (37.34) |
p-Anisic acid | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 73.33 ± 3.33 bAB (12.00) | 64.44 ± 5.09 cB (22.66) | 61.10 ± 5.09 cdA (26.67) | 59.99 ± 3.33 cdA (28.00) | 56.66 ± 3.33 dA (32.00) |
Parthenin | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 74.44 ± 1.92 bAB (10.66) | 64.44 ± 1.92 cB (22.66) | 62.22 ± 1.92 cA (25.33) | 53.33 ± 3.33 dB (36.00) | 33.33 ± 3.33 eD (60.00) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 83.33 ± 3.33 aA (0) | 72.22 ± 1.92 bAB (13.33) | 68.88 ± 1.92 bAB (17.34) | 63.33 ± 3.33 cA (24.00) | 59.99 ± 3.33 cA (28.00) | 48.88 ± 1.92 dB (41.34) |
CV (%) | 3.99 | 3.47 | 4.65 | 5.48 | 5.59 | 7.33 |
LSD (0.05) | 5.76 | 4.40 | 5.26 | 5.76 | 5.25 | 5.39 |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.46 ± 0.02 bG (45.52) | 1.24 ± 0.02 cF (53.73) | 1.12 ± 0.01 dF (58.20) | 0.63 ± 0.02 eE (76.49) | 0.00 fG (100.00) |
Vanillic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.46 ± 0.02 bA (8.20) | 2.36 ± 0.03 cA (11.94) | 2.06 ± 0.03 dA (23.13) | 1.65 ± 0.01 eA (38.43) | 1.13 ± 0.02 fCD (57.83) |
Ferulic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.88 ± 0.02 bC (29.85) | 1.79 ± 0.01 cB (33.20) | 1.66 ± 0.02 dB (38.05) | 1.56 ± 0.01 eB (41.79) | 1.42 ± 0.01 fA (47.01) |
Chlorogenic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.78 ± 0.02 bDE (33.58) | 1.68 ± 0.02 bcC (37.31) | 1.55 ± 0.01 dD (42.16) | 1.42 ± 0.02 eC (47.01) | 1.23 ± 0.02 fB (54.10) |
Quinic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.75 ± 0.01 bE (34.70) | 1.60 ± 0.01 bcD (40.29) | 1.51 ± 0.02 dD (43.65) | 1.44 ± 0.02 eC (46.26) | 0.87 ± 0.01 fE (67.53) |
p-Anisic acid | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.94 ± 0.02 bB (27.61) | 1.70 ± 0.02 cC (36.56) | 1.63 ± 0.02 dBC (39.17) | 1.51 ± 0.02 eB (43.65) | 1.10 ± 0.01 fD (58.95) |
Parthenin | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.59 ± 0.03 bF (40.67) | 1.40 ± 0.03 cE (47.76) | 1.25 ± 0.02 dE (53.35) | 1.07 ± 0.07 eD (60.07) | 0.56 ± 0.01 fF (79.10) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 2.68 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 1.82 ± 0.02 bD (32.08) | 1.68 ± 0.03 cC (37.31) | 1.61 ± 0.02 dC (39.92) | 1.42 ± 0.01 eC (47.01) | 1.14 ± 0.02 fC (57.46) |
CV (%) | 1.13 | 1.27 | 1.49 | 1.46 | 2.50 | 1.78 |
LSD (0.05) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.58 ± 0.02 bC (13.42) | 2.12 ± 0.02 cF (28.85) | 1.56 ± 0.02 dF (47.65) | 0.86 ± 0.01 eF (71.14) | 0.00 fE (100) |
Vanillic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.89 ± 0.04 bA (3.02) | 2.68 ± 0.02 cB (10.06) | 2.41 ± 0.02 dC (19.12) | 1.82 ± 0.03 eDE (38.92) | 1.41 ± 0.02 fC (52.68) |
Ferulic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.73 ± 0.03 bB (8.38) | 2.64 ± 0.02 cC (11.40) | 2.52 ± 0.01 dB (15.43) | 2.02 ± 0.03 eC (32.21) | 1.67 ± 0.01 fA (43.95) |
Chlorogenic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.73 ± 0.02 bB (8.38) | 2.66 ± 0.01 cBC (10.73) | 2.43 ± 0.02 dC (18.45) | 2.22 ± 0.02 eB (25.50) | 1.69 ± 0.02 fA (43.28) |
Quinic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.62 ± 0.02 bC (12.08) | 2.33 ± 0.02 cE (21.81) | 2.19 ± 0.02 dE (26.51) | 1.83 ± 0.02 eD (38.59) | 1.63 ± 0.02 fB (45.30) |
p-Anisic acid | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.85 ± 0.02 bA (4.36) | 2.76 ± 0.02 cA (7.38) | 2.70 ± 0.01 dA (9.39) | 2.53 ± 0.02 eA (15.10) | 1.67 ± 0.02 fA (43.95) |
Parthenin | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.61 ± 0.02 bC (12.41) | 2.31 ± 0.03 cE (22.48) | 2.21 ± 0.01 dE (25.83) | 1.81 ± 0.02 eDE (39.26) | 1.11 ± 0.01 fD (62.75) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 2.98 ± 0.03 aA (0) | 2.71 ± 0.02 bB (9.06) | 2.53 ± 0.02 cD (15.10) | 2.32 ± 0.02 dD (22.14) | 1.78 ± 0.02 eE (40.26) | 1.43 ± 0.03 fC (52.01) |
CV (%) | 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 1.27 | 1.58 |
LSD (0.05) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Allelopathic Compounds | ECg50 | ECr50 | ECs50 | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
Values in μM (Lower–Upper) | ||||
Caffeic acid | 379.1(124.7–1054.7) | 168.5 | 361.9 (66.8–1471.1) | 909.5 |
Vanillic acid | 4228.9(2024.1–23321.2) | 1251.0 | 1349.7 | 6829.6 |
Ferulic acid | 3893.5(1797.5–27099.9) | 2650.6 | 2334.7 | 8878.8 |
Chlorogenic acid | 1927.9(1217.9–4441.5) | 1060.6 | 2792.6 | 5781.1 |
Quinic acid | 6081.9(2284.1–112731.5) | 562.3 | 2003.2 | 8647.4 |
p-Anisic acid | 10972.3(2881.5–3224192.2) | 956.3 | 2917.2 | 14845.8 |
Parthenin | 1234.1(895.3–2009.4) | 245.2 | 1090.1 | 2569.4 |
Mixture (all compounds) | 3880.2(1843.9–23076.2) | 916.7 | 1442.3 | 6239.2 |
Rank | 32,597.9 | 7811.2 | 14,291.7 | 54,700.8 |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 73.33 ± 3.33 bC (22.35) | 55.55 ± 1.92 cC (41.17) | 47.77 ± 1.92 dE (49.41) | 0.00 eE (100) | 0.00eE (100) |
Vanillic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 92.21 ± 5.09 aA (2.36) | 79.99 ± 3.33 bB (15.30) | 71.11 ± 1.92 cCD (24.70) | 63.33 ± 3.33 dC (32.94) | 47.77 ± 1.92 eB (49.41) |
Ferulic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 89.99 ± 3.33 bA (4.71) | 81.11 ± 1.92 cB (14.11) | 76.66 ± 3.33 dB (18.82) | 71.11 ± 1.92 eB (24.70) | 51.11 ± 1.92 fB (45.88) |
Chlorogenic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 79.99 ± 3.33 bB (15.30) | 78.88 ± 1.92 bB (16.47) | 67.77 ± 1.92 cD (28.24) | 53.33 ± 3.33 dD (43.53) | 33.33 ± 3.33 eC (64.70) |
Quinic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 92.22 ± 1.92 aA (2.35) | 91.11 ± 1.92 aA (3.52) | 84.44 ± 1.92 bA (10.58) | 71.11 ± 1.92 cB (24.70) | 49.99 ± 3.33 dB (47.06) |
p-Anisic acid | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 93.33 ± 3.84 aA (2.35) | 92.22 ± 3.33 aA (1.17) | 83.33 ± 3.33 bA (11.76) | 83.33 ± 3.33 bA (11.76) | 79.99 ± 3.33 bA (15.30) |
Parthenin | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 87.77 ± 5.09 bA (7.06) | 79.99 ± 3.33 cB (15.30) | 71.11 ± 1.92 dCD (24.70) | 53.33 ± 3.33 eD (43.53) | 21.11 ± 1.92 dD (77.64) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 94.44 ± 1.92 aA (0) | 79.99 ± 3.33 bB (15.30) | 76.66 ± 3.33 bcB (18.82) | 73.33 ± 3.33 cdBC (22.35) | 68.88 ± 1.92 dB (27.06) | 49.99 ± 3.33 eB (47.06) |
CV (%) | 2.03 | 4.40 | 3.42 | 3.53 | 4.53 | 6.32 |
LSD (0.05) | 3.32 | 6.55 | 4.71 | 4.40 | 4.55 | 4.56 |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.49 ± 0.015 bG (45.62) | 1.28 ± 0.02 CG (53.28) | 0.403 ± 0.005 dG (85.29) | 0.00 eF (100) | 0.00eG (100) |
Vanillic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 2.54 ± 0.020 bA (7.29) | 2.45 ± 0.025 cA (10.58) | 2.33 ± 0.025 dA (14.96) | 1.55 ± 0.010 eB (43.43) | 0.97 ± 0.010 fD (64.59) |
Ferulic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.93 ± 0.025 bC (29.56) | 1.90 ± 0.015 bB (30.65) | 1.79 ± 0.01 CB (34.67) | 1.77 ± 0.01 CA (35.40) | 1.40 ± 0.005 dA (48.90) |
Chlorogenic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.83 ± 0.032 bDE (33.57) | 1.82 ± 0.020 bC (33.21) | 1.74 ± 0.015 cC (36.49) | 1.50 ± 0.015 dC (45.25) | 1.40 ± 0.020 eA (48.90) |
Quinic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.80 ± 0.025 bE (34.30) | 1.79 ± 0.020 bCD (34.67) | 1.60 ± 0.015 cE (41.60) | 1.55 ± 0.010 dB (43.43) | 0.67 ± 0.010 eE (75.54) |
p-Anisic acid | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 2.02 ± 0.025 bB (26.27) | 1.73 ± 0.025 cE (36.86) | 1.70 ± 0.025 cD (37.95) | 1.45 ± 0.015 dD (47.08) | 1.10 ± 0.011 eC (59.85) |
Parthenin | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.62 ± 0.025 bF (40.87) | 1.60 ± 0.026 bF (41.60) | 0.96 ± 0.015 cF (65.32) | 0.95 ± 0.01 CE (64.96) | 0.56 ± 0.015 dF (79.56) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 2.74 ± 0.035 aA (0) | 1.86 ± 0.025 bD (32.11) | 1.79 ± 0.026 cD (34.67) | 1.68 ± 0.030 dD (38.68) | 1.51 ± 0.020 eC (44.89) | 1.16 ± 0.020 fB (57.66) |
CV (%) | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 0.98 | 1.48 |
LSD (0.05) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Compounds | Concentration (μM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1600 | |
Caffeic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.71 ± 0.011 bE (12.29) | 2.23 ± 0.03 CF (27.83) | 1.66 ± 0.015 dH (46.27) | 0.00 eG (100) | 0.00 eF (100) |
Vanillic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 3.03 ± 0.020 bA (1.94) | 2.88 ± 0.02 CB (6.79) | 2.09 ± 0.025 dG (32.36) | 1.77 ± 0.010 eF (42.71) | 1.42 ± 0.015 fD (54.04) |
Ferulic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.86 ± 0.010 bBC (7.44) | 2.73 ± 0.025 cC (11.65) | 2.72 ± 0.023 cB (11.97) | 2.04 ± 0.02 C (33.98) | 1.69 ± 0.010 eA (45.30) |
Chlorogenic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.86 ± 0.015 bB (7.44) | 2.76 ± 0.025 cC (10.67) | 2.44 ± 0.020 dD (21.03) | 2.24 ± 0.025 eB (27.50) | 1.67 ± 0.010 fA (45.95) |
Quinic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.75 ± 0.015 bD (11.00) | 2.42 ± 0.015 cE (21.68) | 2.36 ± 0.010 dF (23.62) | 1.94 ± 0.015 eD (37.21) | 1.61 ± 0.020 fB (47.89) |
p-Anisic acid | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 3.01 ± 0.035 bA (2.58) | 2.98 ± 0.025 bA (3.55) | 2.89 ± 0.011 cA (6.47) | 2.75 ± 0.010 dA (11.00) | 1.67 ± 0.011 eA (45.95) |
Parthenin | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.75 ± 0.020 bD (11.00) | 2.43 ± 0.02 CE (21.35) | 2.39 ± 0.015 cE (22.65) | 1.86 ± 0.020 dE (39.80) | 0.20 ± 0.010 eE (93.52) |
Mixture (all compounds) | 3.09 ± 0.068 aA (0) | 2.83 ± 0.020 bC (8.41) | 2.65 ± 0.02 CD (14.23) | 2.51 ± 0.025 dC (18.77) | 1.86 ± 0.025 eE (39.80) | 1.46 ± 0.025 fC (52.75) |
CV (%) | 2.19 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 1.19 |
LSD (0.05) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Allelopathic Compounds | ECg50 | ECr50 | ECs50 | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
Values in μM (Lower–Upper) | ||||
Caffeic acid | 246.18 (30.74–672.05) | 138.00 | 300.52 (96.31–764.42) | 684.7 |
Vanillic acid | 1558.74 (1158.61–2415.20) | 1074.88 | 1125.16 | 3758.78 |
Ferulic acid | 2298.80 (1536.33–4482.93) | 3549.40 | 2121.82 | 7970.02 |
Chlorogenic acid | 976.58 (755.64–1384.74) | 2149.42 | 2221.36 | 5347.36 |
Quinic acid | 1870.23 (1438.35–2748.53) | 545.58 | 1865.92 | 4281.73 |
p-Anisic acid | 16271.87 (5369.83–315463.09) | 849.02 | 2432.36 | 19553.25 |
Parthenin | 795.38 (670.38–973.10) | 221.41 | 620.87 | 1637.66 |
Mixture (all compounds) | 3131.83 (1662.03–s12079.69) | 1029.80 | 1452.17 | 5613.8 |
Rank | 27,149.61 | 9557.51 | 12,140.18 | 48,847.3 |
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Bashar, H.K.; Juraimi, A.S.; Ahmad-Hamdani, M.S.; Uddin, M.K.; Asib, N.; Anwar, M.P.; Karim, S.R.; Rahaman, F.; Haque, M.A.; Hossain, A. Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds Existing in Parthenium hysterophorus L. Leaf and Their Phytotoxicity on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Toxins 2022, 14, 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080561
Bashar HK, Juraimi AS, Ahmad-Hamdani MS, Uddin MK, Asib N, Anwar MP, Karim SR, Rahaman F, Haque MA, Hossain A. Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds Existing in Parthenium hysterophorus L. Leaf and Their Phytotoxicity on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Toxins. 2022; 14(8):561. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080561
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashar, HM Khairul, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Md Kamal Uddin, Norhayu Asib, Md. Parvez Anwar, SM Rezaul Karim, Ferdoushi Rahaman, Mohammad Amdadul Haque, and Akbar Hossain. 2022. "Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds Existing in Parthenium hysterophorus L. Leaf and Their Phytotoxicity on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop" Toxins 14, no. 8: 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080561
APA StyleBashar, H. K., Juraimi, A. S., Ahmad-Hamdani, M. S., Uddin, M. K., Asib, N., Anwar, M. P., Karim, S. R., Rahaman, F., Haque, M. A., & Hossain, A. (2022). Documentation of Phytotoxic Compounds Existing in Parthenium hysterophorus L. Leaf and Their Phytotoxicity on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Toxins, 14(8), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080561