Metabolite Profiling in the Liver, Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows Exposed to Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobae) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Liver Metabolite Profiles
2.2. Plasma Metabolite Profiles
2.3. Milk Metabolite Profiles
3. Discussion
3.1. Acylcarnitines in Liver, Plasma and Milk
3.2. Amino Acids in Plasma and Milk
3.3. Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids in Liver, Plasma and Milk
3.4. Individual Responses to PA
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolite/Treatment 1 | M | PA1 | PA2 | PA3 | p 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C3-DC (C4-OH) | 0.029 ± 0.002 a | 0.028 ± 0.002 | 0.030 ± 0.003 | 0.041 ± 0.003 b | 0.018 |
C18:2 | 0.024 ± 0.001 c | 0.027 ± 0.001 | 0.030 ± 0.001 | 0.035 ± 0.004 d | 0.020 |
C5:1 | 0.088 ± 0.003 a | 0.089 ± 0.006 | 0.097 ± 0.007 | 0.110 ± 0.007 b | 0.037 |
C14:1-OH | 0.037 ± 0.004 a | 0.034 ± 0.001 | 0.044 ± 0.005 | 0.058 ± 0.008 b | 0.029 |
C16:2-OH | 0.038 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.001 | 0.045 ± 0.004 | 0.053 ± 0.007 | n.s. |
C16:1 | 0.032 ± 0.002 c | 0.035 ± 0.002 | 0.041 ± 0.002 | 0.047 ± 0.005 d | 0.014 |
C18:1-OH | 0.065 ± 0.009 | 0.071 ± 0.004 | 0.082 ± 0.006 | 0.092 ± 0.007 | n.s. |
C14:2-OH | 0.080 ± 0.004 a | 0.087 ± 0.001 | 0.086 ± 0.002 | 0.100 ± 0.009 b | 0.028 |
C7-DC | 0.058 ± 0.005 | 0.053 ± 0.005 | 0.070 ± 0.007 | 0.085 ± 0.011 | n.s. |
C16-OH | 0.029 ± 0.001 c | 0.028 ± 0.001 | 0.037 ± 0.004 | 0.049 ± 0.006 d | 0.009 |
C14:2 | 0.022 ± 0.003 a | 0.021 ± 0.002 | 0.029 ± 0.004 | 0.036 ± 0.005 b | 0.042 |
C14:1 | 0.039 ± 0.003 c | 0.037 ± 0.003 | 0.045 ± 0.004 | 0.071 ± 0.008 d | 0.001 |
C12:1 | 0.071 ± 0.005 a | 0.066 ± 0.003 | 0.072 ± 0.002 | 0.091 ± 0.007 b | 0.010 |
C9 | 0.025 ± 0.002 e | 0.043 ± 0.005 | 0.075 ± 0.007 f | 0.081 ± 0.011 f | 0.0004 |
C18 | 0.091 ± 0.016 a | 0.084 ± 0.007 | 0.140 ± 0.012 b | 0.100 ± 0.004 | 0.017 |
C8 | 0.120 ± 0.007 | 0.110 ± 0.008 | 0.120 ± 0.005 | 0.140 ± 0.097 | 0.025 |
C5-M-DC | 0.070 ± 0.005 | 0.064 ± 0.005 | 0.085 ± 0.003 | 0.088 ± 0.009 | n.s. |
C18:1 | 0.046 ± 0.006 | 0.043 ± 0.003 | 0.058 ± 0.006 | 0.059 ± 0.002 | n.s. |
C6:1 | 0.140 ± 0.005 a | 0.130 ± 0.005 | 0.110 ± 0.024 | 0.063 ± 0.023 b | 0.035 |
C3:1 | 0.049 ± 0.004 | 0.045 ± 0.005 | 0.027 ± 0.008 | 0.025 ± 0.009 | n.s. |
PC ae C32:1 3 | 3.400 ± 0.300 | 3.600 ± 0.200 | 3.800 ± 0.200 | 2.500 ± 0.300 | 0.020 |
SM C20:2 3 | 0.390 ± 0.020 | 0.420 ± 0.060 | 0.450 ± 0.020 | 0.320 ± 0.010 | n.s. |
putrescine | 1.3 ± 0.150 a | 0.640 ± 0.090 b | 1.10 ± 0.180 | 0.960 ± 0.130 | 0.028 |
phenylethylamine | 0.19 ± 0.090 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.04 ± 0.030 | 0.440 ± 0.390 | n.s. |
Metabolite/Treatment 1 | M | PA1 | PA2 | PA3 | p 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C16:2-OH | 0.028 ± 0.002 a | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.034 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.002 b | 0.090 |
C14:1-OH | 0.025 ± 0.001 | 0.026 ± 0.002 | 0.034 ± 0.003 | 0.036 ± 0.005 | 0.060 |
C3-DC (C4-OH) | 0.036 ± 0.002 | 0.038 ± 0.003 | 0.048 ± 0.006 | 0.049 ± 0.003 | 0.090 |
C6 (C4:1-DC) | 0.191 ± 0.002 | 0.202 ± 0.010 | 0.233 ± 0.019 | 0.225 ± 0.005 | 0.070 |
C14:1 | 0.031 ± 0.002 a | 0.033 ± 0.001 | 0.042 ± 0.005 | 0.045 ± 0.004 b | 0.030 |
C16-OH | 0.031 ± 0.002 | 0.031 ± 0.002 | 0.038 ± 0.004 | 0.037 ± 0.002 | n.s. |
C5:1 | 0.137 ± 0.007 | 0.139 ± 0.004 | 0.158 ± 0.011 | 0.153 ± 0.004 | n.s. |
C10 | 0.137 ± 0.004 | 0.143 ± 0.006 | 0.159 ± 0.012 | 0.166 ± 0.010 | n.s. |
C10:2 | 0.086 ± 0.004 | 0.083 ± 0.002 | 0.086 ± 0.004 | 0.098 ± 0.006 | 0.090 |
Phe | 49.60 ± 2.390 | 53.35 ± 3.260 | 64.10 ± 4.970 | 37.08 ± 4.670 | 0.004 |
Met | 22.78 ± 1.980 | 23.70 ± 2.260 | 26.55 ± 2.380 | 15.50 ± 1.790 | 0.018 |
Tyr | 37.90 ± 4.830 | 43.13 ± 4.960 | 50.35 ± 5.060 | 30.50 ± 4.980 | 0.080 |
Ile | 135.8 ± 5.060 | 143.3 ± 14.34 | 184.5 ± 21.45 | 109.9 ± 11.94 | 0.023 |
Arg | 73.18 ± 4.950 a | 65.33 ± 9.490 | 85.18 ± 7.810 | 45.65 ± 5.110 b | 0.013 |
Leu | 141.3 ± 8.240 a | 131.3 ± 19.21 | 158.8 ± 10.26 | 93.50 ± 9.450 b | 0.020 |
Val | 254.8 ± 15.80 | 266.0 ± 23.30 | 277.5 ± 14.90 | 188.0 ± 18.50 | 0.021 |
His | 56.08 ± 8.270 a | 34.43 ± 15.07 | 28.10 ± 7.400 | 19.50 ± 2.070 b | 0.090 |
Cit | 102.9 ± 10.30 a | 78.88 ± 7.570 | 94.20 ± 3.090 | 76.18 ± 5.010 b | 0.060 |
PC aa C42:1 3 | 0.237 ± 0.010 | 0.169 ± 0.030 | 0.169 ± 0.024 | 0.167 ± 0.010 | 0.070 |
PC ae C40:3 3 | 1.180 ± 0.100 a | 1.230 ± 0.080 | 1.120 ± 0.040 | 0.890 ± 0.060 b | 0.030 |
SM C16:1 3 | 15.43 ± 0.650 | 14.70 ± 1.080 | 16.15 ± 1.130 | 13.48 ± 0.780 | n.s. |
Metabolite/Treatment 1 | M | PA1 | PA2 | PA3 | p 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C10:1 | 0.058 ± 0.002 a | 0.065 ± 0.003 | 0.064 ± 0.002 | 0.080 ± 0.008 b | 0.030 |
C14:1 | 0.035 ± 0.005 | 0.034 ± 0.001 | 0.045 ± 0.006 | 0.058 ± 0.010 | 0.080 |
C14:2-OH | 0.218 ± 0.018 a | 0.228 ± 0.007 | 0.222 ± 0.016 | 0.303 ± 0.025 b | 0.020 |
C16:2-OH | 0.064 ± 0.007 | 0.073 ± 0.009 | 0.061 ± 0.007 | 0.086 ± 0.008 | n.s. |
C14 | 3.480 ± 0.220 c | 3.207 ± 0.140 | 3.980 ± 0.320 | 4.910 ± 0.280 d | 0.002 |
C10 | 0.138 ± 0.006 a | 0.143 ± 0.011 | 0.155 ± 0.008 | 0.190 ± 0.017 b | 0.030 |
C18:1-OH | 0.357 ± 0.013 c | 0.416 ± 0.031 | 0.507 ± 0.024 | 0.611 ± 0.082 d | 0.010 |
C18:1 | 0.066 ± 0.001 a | 0.077 ± 0.004 | 0.081 ± 0.006 | 0.094 ± 0.010 b | 0.050 |
C14:2 | 0.024 ± 0.003 | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.001 | 0.022 ± 0.004 | n.s. |
C18 | 0.061 ± 0.005 | 0.066 ± 0.009 | 0.075 ± 0.008 | 0.093 ± 0.013 | n.s. |
C16:2 3 | n. appl. | ||||
C12-DC | 0.213 ± 0.004 | 0.227 ± 0.010 | 0.212 ± 0.008 | 0.234 ± 0.006 | n.s. |
C12 | 3.660 ± 0.190 c | 4.230 ± 0.260 | 4.060 ± 0.150 | 4.740 ± 0.190 d | 0.020 |
C12:1 | 2.320 ± 0.100 a | 2.680 ± 0.170 | 2.570 ± 0.100 | 2.920 ± 0.130 b | 0.040 |
C10:2 | 0.085 ± 0.008 a | 0.099 ± 0.001 | 0.079 ± 0.006 | 0.106 ± 0.003 b | 0.020 |
C6:1 | 0.100 ± 0.024 a,c | 0.132 ± 0.006 | 0.032 ± 0.017 d | 0.040 ± 0.003 b | 0.0003 |
PC aa C36:0 4 | 0.943 ± 0.051 a | 1.223 ± 0.048 b | 1.090 ± 0.058 | 1.240 ± 0.091 b | 0.020 |
SM C26:0 4 | 0.051 ± 0.003 c | 0.064 ± 0.003 | 0.056 ± 0.005 | 0.072 ± 0.004 d | 0.009 |
kynurenine | 0.082 ± 0.008 a | 0.185 ± 0.044 b | 0.151 ± 0.027 | 0.102 ± 0.013 | 0.070 |
His | 4.900 ± 0.810 c | 1.920 ± 0.540 d | 1.700 ± 0.530 d | 1.320 ± 0.350 d | 0.003 |
spermidine | 0.480 ± 0.050 | 0.760 ± 0.140 | 0.400 ± 0.050 | 0.420 ± 0.030 | 0.030 |
spermine | 1.600 ± 0.210 | 1.890 ± 0.240 | 0.870 ± 0.190 | 1.550 ± 0.260 | 0.040 |
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Huber, K.; Saltzmann, J.; Daenicke, S. Metabolite Profiling in the Liver, Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows Exposed to Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobae) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Toxins 2023, 15, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100601
Huber K, Saltzmann J, Daenicke S. Metabolite Profiling in the Liver, Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows Exposed to Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobae) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Toxins. 2023; 15(10):601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100601
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuber, Korinna, Janine Saltzmann, and Sven Daenicke. 2023. "Metabolite Profiling in the Liver, Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows Exposed to Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobae) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids" Toxins 15, no. 10: 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100601