Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Produced by a Cyanobacterial Cylindrospermopsin Producer Extract versus a Cylindrospermopsin Non-Producing Extract on the Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extracts Characterization
2.2. Cytotoxicity Assays
2.3. Oxidative Stress Assays
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Supplies and Chemicals
5.2. Model System
5.3. Chrysosporum Ovalisporum and Raphidiopsis Raciborskii Cultures
5.4. CYN Determination and Characterization of Cultures
5.5. Cytotoxicity Assays
5.6. Oxidative Stress Assays
5.6.1. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
5.6.2. Glutathione Content (GSH)
5.7. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formula | Parent Compound | Transformations | Composition Change | Delta Mass [ppm] | m/z | Retention Time [min] | Area Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C15 H21 N5 O6 S | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration, Reduction | -(O) | 0.15 | 399.12131 | 3.097 | 1.48 × 108 |
C15 H21 N5 O6 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Nitro Reduction | -(O) | 0.15 | 399.12131 | 3.097 | 1.48 × 108 |
C15 H20 N4 O6 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Oxidative Deamination to Alcohol | -(H N O S) | 0.01 | 352.13829 | 2.878 | 5.76 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O3 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Nitro Reduction | -(O4 S) + (H2) | 0.4 | 321.18022 | 3.073 | 3.87 × 107 |
C15 H19 N5 O7 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation | -(H2) | 0.72 | 413.10082 | 2.821 | 1.91 × 107 |
C15 H19 N5 O7 S | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration | -(H2) | 0.72 | 413.10082 | 2.821 | 1.91 × 107 |
C15 H19 N5 O7 S | cylindrospermopsin | Sulfation | -(H2) | 0.72 | 413.10082 | 2.821 | 1.91 × 107 |
C17 H23 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Thiourea to Urea, Acetylation | -(S) + (C2 H2 O2) | −0.17 | 441.1495 | 3.039 | 1.40 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O5 | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration, Nitro Reduction, Thiourea to Urea | -(O2 S) | −0.39 | 351.15413 | 1.102 | 1.25 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O5 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration | -(O2 S) | −0.39 | 351.15413 | 1.102 | 1.25 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidation | +(O) | −0.6 | 431.11083 | 1.726 | 1.14 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Sulfation | +(O) | −0.6 | 431.11083 | 1.726 | 1.14 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation | +(O) | −0.6 | 431.11083 | 1.726 | 1.14 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O5 | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration, Nitro Reduction, Thiourea to Urea | -(O2 S) | 0.3 | 351.15437 | 2.684 | 1.06 × 107 |
C15 H21 N5 O5 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration | -(O2 S) | 0.3 | 351.15437 | 2.684 | 1.06 × 107 |
C15 H17 N5 O3 | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration | -(H4 O4 S) | 0.47 | 315.13329 | 3.853 | 9.31 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Oxidation, Thiourea to Urea | -(H2 S) + (O2) | −0.68 | 413.118 | 1.25 | 8.46 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Thiourea to Urea | -(H2 S) + (O2) | −0.68 | 413.118 | 1.25 | 8.46 × 106 |
C15 H21 N5 O4 | cylindrospermopsin | Reduction | -(O3 S) | −1.11 | 335.15898 | 2.363 | 6.12 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Oxidation | -(H2) + (O) | −0.33 | 429.09529 | 1.368 | 6.09 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation | -(H2) + (O) | −0.33 | 429.09529 | 1.368 | 6.09 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidation, Sulfation | -(H2) + (O) | −0.33 | 429.09529 | 1.368 | 6.09 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O8 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Desaturation | -(H2) + (O) | −0.33 | 429.09529 | 1.368 | 6.09 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O10 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Oxidation, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O3) | −0.57 | 433.14424 | 0.92 | 5.50 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O10 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O3) | −0.57 | 433.14424 | 0.92 | 5.50 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O10 | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidation, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O3) | −0.57 | 433.14424 | 0.92 | 5.50 × 106 |
C15 H19 N5 O3 S | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration, Dehydration, Nitro Reduction | -(H2 O4) | −0.68 | 349.12062 | 1.598 | 4.34 × 106 |
C15 H21 N5 O3 | cylindrospermopsin | Nitro Reduction, Oxidation | -(O4 S) | 0.21 | 319.16451 | 3.245 | 3.99 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O2) | −0.86 | 417.14922 | 1.732 | 3.90 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Reduction, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O2) | −0.86 | 417.14922 | 1.732 | 3.90 × 106 |
C15 H23 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H2 O2) | −0.86 | 417.14922 | 1.732 | 3.90 × 106 |
C15 H21 N5 O9 S | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidation, Oxidation | +(O2) | −1.28 | 447.10542 | 0.957 | 3.10 × 106 |
C15 H21 N5 O9 S | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidation | +(O2) | −1.28 | 447.10542 | 0.957 | 3.10 × 106 |
C15 H21 N5 O9 S | cylindrospermopsin | Desaturation, Oxidation | +(O2) | −1.28 | 447.10542 | 0.957 | 3.10 × 106 |
C15 H25 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Hydration, Reduction, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H4 O2) | −0.41 | 419.16506 | 0.912 | 2.84 × 106 |
C15 H25 N5 O9 | cylindrospermopsin | Reduction, Thiourea to Urea | -(S) + (H4 O2) | −0.41 | 419.16506 | 0.912 | 2.84 × 106 |
C17 H20 N4 O6 | cylindrospermopsin | Oxidative Deamination to Alcohol, Acetylation | -(H N O S) + (C2) | 0.02 | 376.13829 | 4.091 | 2.74 × 106 |
C15 H17 N5 O3 | cylindrospermopsin | Dehydration | -(H4 O4 S) | 1.33 | 315.13356 | 5.265 | 2.39 × 106 |
C15 H25 N5 O9 S2 | cylindrospermopsin | Nitro Reduction, Sulfation | +(H4 O2 S) | −0.71 | 483.10903 | 0.93 | 2.10 × 106 |
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Hinojosa, M.G.; Cascajosa-Lira, A.; Prieto, A.I.; Gutiérrez-Praena, D.; Vasconcelos, V.; Jos, A.; Cameán, A.M. Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Produced by a Cyanobacterial Cylindrospermopsin Producer Extract versus a Cylindrospermopsin Non-Producing Extract on the Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins 2023, 15, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050320
Hinojosa MG, Cascajosa-Lira A, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Vasconcelos V, Jos A, Cameán AM. Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Produced by a Cyanobacterial Cylindrospermopsin Producer Extract versus a Cylindrospermopsin Non-Producing Extract on the Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins. 2023; 15(5):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050320
Chicago/Turabian StyleHinojosa, María G., Antonio Cascajosa-Lira, Ana I. Prieto, Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena, Vitor Vasconcelos, Angeles Jos, and Ana M. Cameán. 2023. "Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Produced by a Cyanobacterial Cylindrospermopsin Producer Extract versus a Cylindrospermopsin Non-Producing Extract on the Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line" Toxins 15, no. 5: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050320