Seed Priming with Rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis: A Smart Strategy for Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Pre-Harvest Maize
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Bacillus in Reducing Fumonisin Contamination In Vitro
Influence of Different Bacillus Isolates on Reducing Fumonisin Accumulation in Co-Inoculated Detached Cobs under In Vitro Condition
2.2. In Vitro Ultrastructural Changes in F. proliferatum Hyphae by Bacillus Isolates
2.3. In Vitro Antagonistic Effect of Bacillus Isolates on F. proliferatum Conidia Germination and Formation
2.4. Effects of Bacillus in Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Planta
2.4.1. Fumonisin Concentration of Maize Grains Raised from Treated Seed with Bacillus Formulation
2.4.2. Fumonisins Concentration of Maize Grains Obtained from the Co-Inoculated Cob with F. proliferatum and Bacillus Isolates
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Assessment of the Ability of Bacillus spp. in Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Maize In Vitro
5.1.1. Bacteria and Fungi Culture Conditions
5.1.2. Conidial Suspension Preparation for In Vitro Co-Inoculation of Maize Kernels
5.1.3. In Vitro Co-Inoculation of Maize Kernels (Detached Cob) with F. proliferatum and Different Bacillus Isolates
5.1.4. Conidial Suspension Preparation for In Vitro Mycelial Growth Inhibition of F. proliferatum by Bacillus Isolates
5.1.5. In Vitro Mycelial Growth Inhibition of F. proliferatum by Bacillus Isolates
5.1.6. The Conidia Formation Assay
5.1.7. The Conidia Germination Assay
5.2. Field Efficacy of Different Bacillus Isolates in Reducing Fumonisin Contamination
5.2.1. Crop Husbandry Using Seed Treatment
Formulation of Bacillus Strains
Maize Production with Treated Seeds and Management
5.2.2. Maize Production with Co-Inoculation of Maize Cobs with F. proliferatum and Different Bacillus Isolates in the Field Condition
5.3. Quantification of Total Fumonisin in Inoculated Maize Grain (In Vitro and Field)
5.3.1. Sample Preparation for the Determination of Total Fumonisin
5.3.2. Total Fumonisin Determination Assay
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | In Vitro | |
---|---|---|
Fumonisin Concentration (ppm) | % Reduction over Control * | |
Untreated Control | 245.57 ± 2.90 a | 0.00 |
BDISO36PR | 40.10 ± 4.63 b | 83.67 |
BDISO01RR | 5.06 ± 0.69 b | 97.94 |
BDISO49PR | 9.55 ± 0.43 b | 96.11 |
BDISO45PR | 33.10 ± 7.38 b | 86.52 |
BDISO76MR | 3.63 ± 1.18 b | 98.52 |
Level of significance | *** | |
LSD | 39.71 | |
%CV | 0.23 |
Treatments | Conidiation of F. proliferatum (×103/mL) | % Reduction in Conidia Formation over Control * | % Germination of Conidia of F. proliferatum over Control | % Reduction in Conidia Germination over Control ** | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 HPI | 24 HPI | 72 HPI | 12 HPI | 24 HPI | 72 HPI | 12 HPI | 24 HPI | 12 HPI | 24 HPI | |
Untreated Control | 23.00 ± 1.00 a | 47.00 ± 1.73 a | 140.67 ± 4.93 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69.00 ± 3.61 a | 87.84 ± 7.17 a | 0 | 0 |
BDISO36PR | 16.00 ± 2.65 b | 32.00 ± 5.29 b | 97.00 ± 15.13 b | 30.43 | 31.91 | 31.04 | 59.70 ± 4.73 a | 80.52 ± 7.89 ab | 17.34 | 22.18 |
BDISO01RR | 7.00 ± 1.73 de | 14.00 ± 2.65 de | 40.67 ± 10.02 d | 69.57 | 70.21 | 71.09 | 49.74 ± 7.02 a | 45.42 ± 4.64de | 34.31 | 48.33 |
BDISO49PR | 12.00 ± 0.50 c | 24.00 ± 1.00 c | 72.00 ± 3.00 b c | 47.83 | 48.94 | 48.82 | 50.10 ± 7.15 a | 59.49 ± 9.56 cd | 43.02 | 32.09 |
BDISO45PR | 9.00 ± 1.00 d | 18.00 ± 2.65 d | 55.33 ± 7.57 cd | 60.87 | 61.70 | 60.66 | 54.10 ± 3.65 a | 68.46 ± 1.75 bc | 3.40 | 8.36 |
BDISO76MR | 5.00 ± 1.00 e | 11.00 ± 1.73 e | 32.67 ± 4.93 d | 78.26 | 76.60 | 77.01 | 45.83 ± 1.89 a | 33.84 ± 3.42 e | 57.03 | 61.56 |
Level of significance | *** | *** | *** | - | - | - | NS | *** | - | - |
LSD | 2.65 | 5.08 | 27.121 | - | - | - | 45.27 | 15.55 | - | - |
%CV | 0.12 | 0.12 | 21.12 | - | - | - | 0.48 | 0.14 | - | - |
Treatments | Seed Treatment | Co-Inoculation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fumonisin Concentration (ppm) | %Reduction over Control * | Fumonisin Concentration (ppm) | %Reduction over Control * | |
Untreated Control | 164.90 ± 13.06 a | 0.00 | 164.9 ± 13.06 a | 0.00 |
BDISO01RR | 4.68 ± 0.75 b | 97.16 | 9.87 ± 1.60 b | 94.01 |
BDISO36PR | 7.77 ± 1.25 b | 95.28 | 11.03 ± 2.70 b | 93.31 |
BDISO49PR | 33.27 ± 10.48 b | 79.82 | 10.26 ± 2.40 b | 93.78 |
BDISO45PR | 14.26 ± 1.10 b | 91.35 | 22.94 ± 6.35 b | 86.09 |
BDISO76MR | 4.50 ± 1.32 b | 97.27 | 7.50 ± 2.50 b | 95.45 |
Level of significance | *** | *** | ||
LSD | 20.00 | 17.83 | ||
%CV | 0.24 | 0.19 |
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Jannat, M.; Auyon, S.T.; Tushar, A.S.M.; Tonny, S.H.; Hasan, M.H.; Shahi, M.; Singha, U.R.; Sultana, A.; Akter, S.; Islam, M.R. Seed Priming with Rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis: A Smart Strategy for Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Pre-Harvest Maize. Toxins 2024, 16, 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16080337
Jannat M, Auyon ST, Tushar ASM, Tonny SH, Hasan MH, Shahi M, Singha UR, Sultana A, Akter S, Islam MR. Seed Priming with Rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis: A Smart Strategy for Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Pre-Harvest Maize. Toxins. 2024; 16(8):337. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16080337
Chicago/Turabian StyleJannat, Muhtarima, Shah Tasdika Auyon, Abu Sina Md. Tushar, Sadia Haque Tonny, Md. Hasibul Hasan, Mangal Shahi, Uday Rana Singha, Ayesha Sultana, Sabera Akter, and Md. Rashidul Islam. 2024. "Seed Priming with Rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis: A Smart Strategy for Reducing Fumonisin Contamination in Pre-Harvest Maize" Toxins 16, no. 8: 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16080337