Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors on the Cholix-Induced Cell Death Signaling Pathway
2.2. Effects of Z-VAD and Apaf-1 Knockdown on Desipramine-Enhanced Cholix-Induced Apoptosis
2.3. Effects of Extracellular Vesicle-Regulating Protein Knockdown on Cholix-Induced Cell Death
2.4. RNA Sequencing Analysis of the Desipramine-Promoted Cholix-Induced Cell Death Pathway
2.5. Analysis of the Desipramine-Enhanced Cholix-Induced Cell Death Pathway
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Purified Cholix Toxin
4.2. Antibodies, Reagents, Plasmids, and siRNAs
4.3. Cell Culture and Transfection
4.4. Total RNA Purification, RNA-Seq, and RT-qPCR Analyses
4.5. Immunoblotting Analysis
4.6. Cell Viability Assay
4.7. Statistics and Reproducibility
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ozaki, K.; Nagahara, H.; Kawamura, A.; Ohgita, T.; Higashi, S.; Ogura, K.; Tsutsuki, H.; Iyoda, S.; Yokotani, A.; Yamaji, T.; et al. Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway. Toxins 2024, 16, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090380
Ozaki K, Nagahara H, Kawamura A, Ohgita T, Higashi S, Ogura K, Tsutsuki H, Iyoda S, Yokotani A, Yamaji T, et al. Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway. Toxins. 2024; 16(9):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090380
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzaki, Kazuya, Hiyo Nagahara, Asaka Kawamura, Takashi Ohgita, Sachika Higashi, Kohei Ogura, Hiroyasu Tsutsuki, Sunao Iyoda, Atsushi Yokotani, Toshiyuki Yamaji, and et al. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway" Toxins 16, no. 9: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090380