Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Caused by Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of AZA-2 on the Viability and Apoptosis of Caco-2 Cells
2.2. Effect of AZA-2 on the Mitochondria of Caco-2 Cells
2.3. Oxidative Stress on Caco-2 Cells by AZA-2 Exposure
2.4. Transcriptional Response to AZA-2 Exposure
3. Discussion
3.1. Cytotoxicity of AZA-2 on Caco-2 Cells
3.2. Autophagy of Caco-2 Cells Promoted by AZA-2
3.3. Effects of AZA-2 on the Lipid Metabolism of Caco-2 Cells
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Chemicals and Materials
5.2. Cell Culture
5.3. Cell Viability Assay
5.4. Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide Staining
5.5. Oxidative Stress Test
5.6. Observation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.7. RNA Extraction, cDNA Library Construction and RNA-Sequencing Analysis
5.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AO/PI | acridine orange/propidium iodide |
ATF6 | activating transcription factor 6 |
ATG | autophagy-related protein |
AZA | azaspiracid |
cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
cNDA | complementary deoxyribonucleic acid |
COX | cyclooxygenase |
C9orf72 | chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 |
DCFH-DA | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate |
DEGs | differential expression genes |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
EC50 | median effective concentration |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
FIP200 | focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein |
GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
IRE1 | Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 |
KEGG | Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes |
LC3 | light chains 3 |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
NBR1 | neighbor of breast cancer gene 1 |
NDP52 | nuclear dot protein 52 |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-B |
NRU | neutral red |
OPTN | optineurin |
PBS | phosphate buffer solution |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
PE | phosphatidylethanolamine |
PERK | protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase |
PINK1 | phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 |
PPAR | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
RNA-seq | ribonucleic acid sequences |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RQN | RNA quality number |
SLC23A1 | solute carrier family 23 member 1 |
SMCR8 | Smith–Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
SQSTM1 | sequestosome-1 |
ULK1 | unc-51-like kinases 1 |
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Zhao, L.; Qiu, J.; Zhang, J.; Li, A.; Wang, G. Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Caused by Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-2. Toxins 2024, 16, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090381
Zhao L, Qiu J, Zhang J, Li A, Wang G. Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Caused by Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-2. Toxins. 2024; 16(9):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090381
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Liye, Jiangbing Qiu, Jingrui Zhang, Aifeng Li, and Guixiang Wang. 2024. "Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Caused by Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-2" Toxins 16, no. 9: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090381