Femtosecond Laser Written Depressed-Cladding Waveguide 2 × 2, 1 × 2 and 3 × 3 Directional Couplers in Tm3+:YAG Crystal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Depressed-Cladding Waveguide
3.2. Functional Integrated Photonic Elements
3.2.1. The 2 × 2 and 1 × 2 Directional Couplers
3.2.2. 3 × 3 Directional Coupler
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
YAG | Yttrium aluminum garnet |
TE | Transverse electric |
TM | Transverse magnetic |
AOM | Acousto-optical modulator |
CMOS | Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor |
References
- Osellame, R.; Cerullo, G.; Ramponi, R. Femtosecond Laser Micromachining: Photonic and Microfluidic Devices in Transparent Materials. Topics in Applied Physics Vol. 123; Springer: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Davis, K.M.; Miura, K.; Sugimoto, N.; Hirao, K. Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond laser. Opt. Lett. 1996, 21, 1729–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Korte, F.; Adams, S.; Egbert, A.; Fallnich, C.; Ostendorf, A.; Nolte, S.; Will, M.; Ruske, J.-P.; Chichkov, B.N.; Tünnermann, A. Sub-diffraction limited structuring of solid targets with femtosecond laser pulses. Opt. Express 2000, 7, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, F.; Aldana, J.R. Optical waveguides in crystalline dielectric materials produced by femtosecond-laser micromachining. Laser Photonics Rev. 2014, 8, 251–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meany, T.; Gräfe, M.; Heilmann, R.; Perez-Leija, A.; Gross, S.; Steel, M.J.; Withford, M.J.; Szameit, A. Laser written circuits for quantum photonics. Laser Photonics Rev. 2015, 9, 363–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Q.; Li, M.; Chen, Y.; Ren, X.; Osellame, R.; Gong, Q.; Li, Y. Femtosecond laser direct writing of an integrated path-encoded CNOT quantum gate. Opt. Mater. Express 2019, 9, 2318–2326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrielli, G.; Seri, A.; Mazzera, M.; Osellame, R.; de Riedmatten, H. Integrated Optical Memory Based on Laser-Written Waveguides. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2016, 5, 054013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seri, A.; Corrielli, G.; Lago-Rivera, D.; Lenhard, A.; de Riedmatten, H.; Osellame, R.; Mazzera, M. Laser-written integrated platform for quantum storage of heralded single photons. Optica 2018, 5, 934–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Razavi, M.; Piani, M.; Lutkenhaus, N. Quantum repeaters with imperfect memories: Cost and scalability. Phys. Rev. A 2009, 80, 032301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhong, M.; Hedges, M.P.; Ahlefeldt, R.L.; Bartholomew, J.G.; Beavan, S.E.; Wittig, S.M.; Longdell, J.J.; Sellars, M.J. Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six hour coherence time. Nature 2015, 517, 177–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moiseev, S.A.; Kröll, S. Complete reconstruction of the quantum state of a single-photon wave packet absorbed by a Doppler-broadened transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 173601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saglamyurek, E.; Sinclair, N.; Jin, J.; Slater, J.A.; Oblak, D.; Bussières, F.; George, M.; Ricken, R.; Sohler, W.; Tittel, W. Broadband waveguide quantum memory for entangled photons. Nature 2011, 469, 512–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Askarani, M.F.; Puigibert, M.l.G.; Lutz, T.; Verma, V.B.; Shaw, M.D.; Nam, S.W.; Sinclair, N.; Oblak, D.; Tittel, W. Storage and reemission of heralded telecommunication-wavelength photons using a crystal waveguide. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2019, 11, 054056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thiel, C.W.; Sun, Y.; Macfarlane, R.M.; Böttger, T.; Cone, R.L. Rare-earth-doped LiNbO3 and KTiOPO4 (KTP) for waveguide quantum memories. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2012, 45, 124013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marzban, S.; Bartholomew, J.G.; Madden, S.; Vu, K.; Sellars, M.J. Observation of photon echoes from evanescently coupled rare-earth ions in a planar waveguide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 115, 013601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gerasimov, K.I.; Minnegaliev, M.M.; Malkin, B.Z.; Baibekov, E.I.; Moiseev, S.A. High-resolution magneto-optical spectroscopy of 7LiYF4: 167Er3+, 166Er3+ and analysis of hyperfine structure of ultranarrow optical transitions. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 94, 054429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minnegaliev, M.M.; Dyakonov, I.V.; Gerasimov, K.I.; Kalinkin, A.A.; Kulik, S.P.; Moiseev, S.A.; Saygin, M.Y.; Urmancheev, R.V. Observation and investigation of narrow optical transitions of 167Er3+ ions in femtosecond laser printed waveguides in 7LiYF4 crystal. Laser Phys. Lett. 2018, 15, 045207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Macfarlane, R.M. Photon-echo measurements on the trivalent thulium ion. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 1958–1960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Louchet, A.; Le Du, Y.; Bretenaker, F.; Chanelière, T.; Goldfarb, F.; Lorgeré, I.; Le Gouët, J.-L.; Guillot-Noël, O.; Goldner, P. Optical excitation of nuclear spin coherence in a Tm3+:YAG crystal. Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 195110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gerasimov, K.; Minnegaliev, M.; Urmancheev, R.; Moiseev, S. DC Stark addressing for quantum memory in Tm:YAG. EPJ Web Conf. 2017, 161, 01012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dubov, M.V.; Khrushchev, I.; Bennion, I.; Okhrimchuk, A.G.; Shestakov, A.V. Waveguide inscription in YAG:Cr4+ crystals by femtosecond laser irradiation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA, 16–21 May 2004. paper CWA49. [Google Scholar]
- Rodenas, A.; Benayas, A.; Macdonald, J.R.; Zhang, J.; Tang, D.Y.; Jaque, D.; Kar, A.K. Direct laser writing of near-IR step-index buried channel waveguides in rare earth doped YAG. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 3395–3397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siebenmorgen, J.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G.; Rademaker, K.; Nolte, S.; Tünnermann, A. Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser. Appl. Phys. B 2009, 97, 251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.; Qiu, J.; Li, C.; Sun, H.; Xu, Z. Direct writing waveguides inside YAG crystal by femtosecond laser. Opt. Commun. 2009, 282, 4810–4814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siebenmorgen, J.; Calmano, T.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G. Highly efficient Yb:YAG channel waveguide laser written with a femtosecond-laser. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 16035–16041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calmano, T.; Siebenmorgen, J.; Hellmig, O.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G. Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing. Appl. Phys. B 2010, 100, 131–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calmano, T.; Siebenmorgen, J.; Paschke, A.-G.; Fiebig, C.; Paschke, K.; Erbert, G.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G. Diode pumped high power operation of a femtosecond laser inscribed Yb:YAG waveguide laser [Invited]. Opt. Mater. Express 2011, 1, 428–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.-L.; Ye, Y.-K.; Wang, M.-W. Femtosecond laser written channel optical waveguide in Nd:YAG crystal. Opt. Laser Technol. 2014, 58, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; del Rosal Rabes, B.; Chen, F. Waveguiding microstructures in Nd: YAG with cladding and inner dual-line configuration produced by femtosecond laser inscription. Opt. Mater. 2015, 39, 125–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, T.; Sahoo, P.K.; Arteaga-Sierra, F.R.; Dorrer, C.; Qiao, J. Pulse-Propagation Modeling and Experiment for Femtosecond-Laser Writing of Waveguide in Nd:YAG. Crystals 2019, 9, 434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Torchia, G.A.; Meilán, P.F.; Rodenas, A.; Jaque, D.; Mendez, C.; Roso, L. Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 13266–13271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torchia, G.A.; Rodenas, A.; Benayas, A.; Cantelar, E.; Roso, L.; Jaque, D. Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 111103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ródenas, A.; Torchia, G.A.; Lifante, G.; Cantelar, E.; Lamela, J.; Jaque, F.; Roso, L.; Jaque, D. Refractive index change mechanisms in femtosecond laser written ceramic Nd:YAG waveguides: Micro-spectroscopy experiments and beam propagation calculations. Appl. Phys. B 2009, 95, 85–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benayas, A.; Silva, W.F.; Ródenas, A.; Jacinto, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F.; Tan, Y.; Thomsom, R.R.; Psaila, N.D.; Reid, D.T.; et al. Ultrafast laser writing of optical waveguides in ceramic Yb:YAG: A study of thermal and non-thermal regimes. Appl. Phys. A 2011, 104, 301–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calmano, T.; Paschke, A.-G.; Siebenmorgen, J.; Fredrich-Thornton, S.T.; Yagi, H.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G. Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique. Appl. Phys. B 2011, 100, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okhrimchuk, A.G.; Shestakov, A.V.; Khrushchev, I.; Mitchell, J. Depressed cladding, buried waveguide laser formed in a YAG:Nd3+ crystal by femtosecond laser writing. Opt. Lett. 2005, 30, 2248–2250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okhrimchuk, A.G.; Mezentsev, V.K.; Dvoyrin, V.V.; Kurkov, A.S.; Sholokhov, E.M.; Turitsyn, S.K.; Shestakov, A.V.; Bennion, I. Waveguide-saturable absorber fabricated by femtosecond pulses in YAG:Cr4+ crystal for Q-switched operation of Yb-fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34, 3881–3883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okhrimchuk, A.G.; Mezentsev, S.K.; Shestakov, A.V.; Bennion, I. Low loss depressed cladding waveguide inscribed in YAG:Nd single crystal by femtosecond laser pulses. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 3832–3843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, H.; Chen, F.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Jaque, D. Femtosecond-laser inscribed double-cladding waveguides in Nd:YAG crystal: A promising prototype for integrated lasers. Opt. Lett. 2013, 38, 3294–3297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Croitoru (Salamu), G.; Jipa, F.; Pavel, N. Passive Q-switch laser operation of circular, buried depressed-cladding waveguides realized by direct fs-laser beam writing in Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG composite media. Opt. Mater. Express 2017, 7, 2496–2504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, P.; He, S.; Liu, H. Annular waveguide lasers at 1064 nm in Nd:YAG crystal produced by femtosecond laser inscription. Appl. Opt. 2018, 57, 5420–5424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Jia, Y.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Jaque, D.; Chen, F. Femtosecond laser inscribed cladding waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics: Fabrication, fluorescence imaging and laser performance. Opt. Exp. 2012, 20, 18620–18629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Y.; Brown, G.; Ródenas, A.; Beecher, S.; Chen, F.; Kar, A.K. Mid-infrared waveguide lasers in rare-earth-doped YAG. Opt. Lett. 2012, 37, 3339–3341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, Y.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Efficient waveguide lasers in femtosecond laser inscribed double-cladding waveguides of Yb:YAG ceramics. Opt. Mater. Express 2013, 3, 645–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, Y.; Luan, Q.; Liu, F.; Chen, F.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R. Q-switched pulse laser generation from double-cladding Nd:YAG ceramics waveguides. Opt. Express 2013, 21, 18963–18968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, Y.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Zhou, S.; Sun, S.; Chen, F. Guided continuous-wave and graphene-based Q-switched lasers in carbon ion irradiated Nd:YAG ceramic channel waveguide. Opt. Express 2014, 22, 3572–3577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salamu, G.; Jipa, F.; Zamfirescu, M.; Pavel, N. Laser emission from diode-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic waveguide lasers realized by direct femtosecond-laser writing technique. Opt. Express 2014, 22, 5177–5182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salamu, G.; Jipa, F.; Zamfirescu, M.; Pavel, N. Cladding waveguides realized in Nd:YAG ceramic by direct femtosecond-laser writing with a helical movement technique. Opt. Mater. Express 2014, 4, 790–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salamu, G.; Jipa, F.; Zamfirescu, M.; Pavel, N. Watt-Level Output Power Operation from Diode-Laser Pumped Circular Buried Depressed-Cladding Waveguides Inscribed in Nd:YAG by Direct Femtosecond-Laser Writing. IEEE Photonics J. 2016, 8, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jia, Y.; Cheng, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Castillo, G.R.; Rabes, B.d.R.; Tan, Y.; Jaque, D.; Chen, F. Monolithic crystalline cladding microstructures for efficient light guiding and beam manipulation in passive and active regimes. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 5988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gui, L.; Xu, B.; Chong, T.C. Microstructure in lithium niobate by use of focused femtosecond laser pulses. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2004, 16, 1337–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, R.; Hernández-Palmero, I.; Romero, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Three-dimensional dielectric crystalline waveguide beam splitters in mid-infrared band by direct femtosecond laser writing. Opt. Express 2014, 22, 31293–31298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, J.; Cheng, Y.; Yuan, W.; Hao, X.; Chen, F. Three-dimensional femtosecond laser fabrication of waveguide beam splitters in LiNbO3 crystal. Opt. Mater. Express 2015, 5, 1274–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, C.; Romero, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Superficial waveguide splitters fabricated by femtosecond laser writing of LiTaO3 crystal. Opt. Eng. 2015, 54, 067113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Cheng, C.; Romero, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Graphene-based Y-branch laser in femtosecond laser written Nd:YAG waveguides. Opt. Express 2015, 23, 9730–9735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, H.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Hong, M.; Chen, F. Femtosecond Laser Inscribed Y-Branch Waveguide in Nd:YAG Crystal: Fabrication and Continuous-Wave Lasing. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2016, 22, 227–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Y.; Zhang, L.; Xing, H.; Romero, C.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Cladding waveguide splitters fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription in Ti:Sapphire crystal. Opt. Laser Technol. 2018, 103, 82–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajates, J.G.; Romero, C.; Castillo, G.R.; Chen, F.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R. Y-junctions based on circular depressed-cladding waveguides fabricated with femtosecond pulses in Nd:YAG crystal: A route to integrate complex photonic circuits in crystals. Opt. Mater. 2017, 72, 220–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajates, J.G.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F.; Ródenas, A. Three-dimensional beam-splitting transitions and numerical modelling of direct-laser-written near-infrared LiNbO3 cladding waveguides. Opt. Mater. Express 2018, 8, 1890–1901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, J.; Cheng, Y.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Hao, X.; Chen, F. Femtosecond Laser Writing of Optical-Lattice-Like Cladding Structures for Three-Dimensional Waveguide Beam Splitters in LiNbO3 Crystal. J. Light. Technol. 2016, 34, 3587–3591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nie, W.; Jia, Y.; Vázquez de Aldana, J.R.; Chen, F. Efficient Second Harmonic Generation in 3D Nonlinear Optical-Lattice-Like Cladding Waveguide Splitters by Femtosecond Laser Inscription. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Q.; Li, M.; Xu, J.; Lin, Z.; Yu, H.; Wang, M.; Fang, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Gong, Q.; Li, Y. Reconfigurable directional coupler in lithium niobate crystal fabricated by three-dimensional femtosecond laser focal field engineering. Photon. Res. 2019, 7, 503–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerullo, G.; Osellame, R.; Taccheo, S.; Marangoni, M.; Polli, D.; Ramponi, R.; Laporta, P.; De Silvestri, S. Femtosecond micromachining of symmetric waveguides at 1.5 μm by astigmatic beam focusing. Opt. Lett. 2002, 27, 1938–1940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okhrimchuk, A.G.; Mezentsev, V.K.; Schmitz, H.; Dubov, M.; Bennion, I. Cascaded nonlinear absorption of femtosecond laser pulses in dielectrics. Laser Phys. 2009, 19, 1415–1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Törmä, P.; Jex, I.; Stenholm, S. Beam splitter realizations of totally symmetric mode couplers. J. Mod. Opt. 1996, 43, 245–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steuernagel, O. Synthesis of Fock states via beam splitters. Opt. Commun. 1997, 138, 71–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Separation Distance d, m | Number of Skipped Tracks | Splitting Ratio, % |
---|---|---|
16.0 | 0 | 100:0 |
16.0 | 3 | 92:8 |
15.0 | 3 | 81:19 |
14.5 | 3 | 71:29 |
14.25 | 3 | 60:40 |
14.0 | 5 | 48:52 |
Distance between Core Centers d, m | Splitting Ratio, % |
---|---|
14.0 | 19:40:41 |
14.1 | 22:39:39 |
14.2 | 25:38:37 |
14.3 | 33:34:33 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Skryabin, N.; Kalinkin, A.; Dyakonov, I.; Kulik, S. Femtosecond Laser Written Depressed-Cladding Waveguide 2 × 2, 1 × 2 and 3 × 3 Directional Couplers in Tm3+:YAG Crystal. Micromachines 2020, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11010001
Skryabin N, Kalinkin A, Dyakonov I, Kulik S. Femtosecond Laser Written Depressed-Cladding Waveguide 2 × 2, 1 × 2 and 3 × 3 Directional Couplers in Tm3+:YAG Crystal. Micromachines. 2020; 11(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkryabin, Nikolay, Alexander Kalinkin, Ivan Dyakonov, and Sergei Kulik. 2020. "Femtosecond Laser Written Depressed-Cladding Waveguide 2 × 2, 1 × 2 and 3 × 3 Directional Couplers in Tm3+:YAG Crystal" Micromachines 11, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11010001