2D Nanomaterial-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Biosensing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Analyte: A material whose chemical constituents are described and measured. Glucose, for example, is an ‘analyte’ designed to detect glucose in a biosensor.
- Recognition: A recognition element also known as a bio-receptor, which is a biological element (DNA probe, enzyme, antibody, etc.) susceptible to analyte recognition (antigen, complementary DNA, enzyme substrate, etc). It is important for the bio-receptor to be directly sensitive to the target analyte in order to avoid interference from certain signal sources or substances from the sample matrix.
- Transducer: The transducer is a component which converts one energy source into other. Inside a biosensor, the function of the transducer is to turn the bio-recognition event into an observed signal. This cycle of energy transfer is known as signalling. Some transducers emit optical or electrical signals that are typically proportional to the amount of analyte-bio-receptor interactions.
- Signal processing: The work of the signal-processing unit is to process the transduced signal and prepare it for display. It consists of complex electronic circuitry conducting signal conditioning, such as analogue-to-digital amplification and signal transfer. The interpreted signals are then quantified via the display device with the biosensor. The display has a user interpretation system, such as a liquid crystal display on a computer or a direct printer, which generate numbers or curves that the user can understand. Often this part has a combination of hardware and software which generates user-friendly biosensor results. Depending on the end user’s requirements, the output signal on the monitor may be numerical, graphical, tabular or picture [1,2,3,4,5].
2. Fundamentals of SPR Sensing
3. Theoretical and Mathematical Modelling
3.1. Theoretical Modelling
3.2. Mathematical Modeling
4. Characteristic Parameters
5. Role of Material Selection
5.1. Metal Layer
5.2. 2D Material Layer
5.3. Selection of Glass Prism
5.4. Detection of SPR Sensor
6. SPR Application
6.1. SPR Biosensors
6.2. SPR Sensor for Food Quality and Safety
6.3. SPR Sensor for Material Characterization
6.4. SPR Sensor for the Study of the Physical Quantities
6.5. SPR as Chemical Sensor
7. Future Perspective of SPR Sensors
8. Commercial SPR Biosensors
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensitivity | SPR | LSPR |
---|---|---|
Refractive index sensitivity (nm/RIU) | 106 | 102 |
Distance dependence (nm) | 1000 | 10 |
Temperature control | Yes | No |
Simple instrumentation | No | Yes |
Electronic Properties | MoS2 | MoSe2 | WS2 | WSe2 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optical bandgap Eg (eV) | ~2.0 | ~1.70 | ~2.10 | ~1.75 | [36,37,38,39,40,41] |
Exciton binding energy(eV) | ~0.20–0.90 | ~0.50–0.60 | ~0.50–0.70 | ~0.40–0.45 | [42,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
Spin–orbit splitting in Conduction band (meV) | ~−3.0 | ~−20.0 | ~−30.0 | ~−35.0 | [49,50] |
Spin–orbit splitting in Valance band (meV) | ~150.0 | ~180.0 | ~430.0 | ~470.0 | [51,52,53] |
Band masses (mo) | ~0.50 | ~0.60 | ~0.40 | ~0.40 | [54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
Prism Type | Wavelength (nm) | Refractive Index (nc = n + ik) |
---|---|---|
CaF2 | 633 | 1.4329 |
BK7 | 633 | 1.5151 |
BAF10 | 633 | 1.6671 |
BAK1 | 633 | 1.5704 |
SF5 | 633 | 1.6685 |
SF10 | 633 | 1.7231 |
SF11 | 633 | 1.7786 |
FK51A | 633 | 1.4853 |
LASF9 | 633 | 1.8449 |
Metals | Wavelength (nm) | Refractive Index (nc = n + ik) | Dielectric Constant (εn + iεk) | Ratio (εn/εk) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver (Ag) | 633 | 0.2184 + 3.5113i | −18.22 + 0.48i | 38.00 | [96] |
Gold (Au) | 633 | 0.1726 + 3.422i | −10.92 + 1.50i | 7.34 | [97] |
Copper (Cu) | 633 | 0.5840 + 3.6466i | −14.67 + 0.72i | 20.40 | [98] |
Aluminium (Al) | 650 | - | −42.00 + 16.41i | 2.55 | [99] |
2D Materials | Wavelength (nm) | Monolayer Thickness (nm) | Refractive Index (nc = n + ik) | Dielectric Constant (εn + iεk) | Ratio (εn/εk) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | 633 | 0.34 | 3.0 + 1.1487i | 7.68 + 6.89i | 1.114 | [111] |
Black Phosphorus (BP) | 633 | 0.53 | 3.5 + 0.01i | - | - | [111] |
MoS2 | 633 | 0.65 | 5.0805 + 1.1724i | 24.4368 + 11.9122i | 2.05 | [112] |
MoSe2 | 633 | 0.70 | 4.6226 + 1.0062i | 20.3560 + 9.3040i | 2.19 | [112] |
WS2 | 633 | 0.80 | 4.8937 + 0.3123i | 23.8511 + 3.0580i | 7.80 | [113] |
WSe2 | 633 | 0.70 | 4.5501 + 0.4332i | 20.5156 + 3.9423i | 5.20 | [113] |
Configuration | Wavelength (nm) | Sensitivity (°RIU−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Prism/Au/Si/Graphene | 633 | 30.42 | [119] |
Prism/Au/Graphene/Affinity Layer | 633 | 33.98 | [120] |
Prism/Au/Si/MoS2/Graphene/BRE | 632.8 | 50.33 | [46] |
Prism/Au/Si | 632 | 106.29 | [121] |
Prism/Au/Si/MoS2 | 633 | 131.70 | [122] |
Prism/Au/MoS2/Au/Graphene | 633 | 182.00 | [123] |
Prism/Au/BP | 633 | 180.00 | [124] |
Prism/Au/Si/MoS2/Au/Graphene | 633 | 210.00 | [125] |
Prism/Graphene/WS2 | 633 | 95.71 | [126] |
Prism/Au/MoS2/Graphene hybrid | 633 | 89.29 | [127] |
Prism/Au/MoS2/Ni/Graphene | 633 | 229.00 | [128] |
Prism/Blue phosphorene/MoS2 | 632.8 | 150.66 | [129] |
Prism/TiO2/SiO2/Ag/MoS2/Graphene | 633 | 98.00 | [130] |
Prism/Ag/Franckite/Graphene | 633 | 196.00 | [131] |
Prism/Au/SnSe/Graphene | 633 | 94.29 | [132] |
Method | Advantages | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) | Aesthetic and corrosion properties, wear and corrosion resistance, deposition of thin film possible and adjustable | Corrosion resistance is affected by abrasion, requires a high vacuum, for polymer deposition applications degradation control is challenging |
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) | Deposition of various CVD types of materials with different microstructures; corrosion and wear resistance, works with atmospheric and low pressures | Need for heat-resistant substrates, ultra-high vacuum, less material wastage |
Sol-gel | High adhesion, ability to coat complex geometries, biomedical applications, gives ion release and corrosion protection, flexibility in the composition; cost effective, multi-layered coating possible, no need for conductive substrates | During the heat treatment, failure of coatings possible on multi-layered coating structures, slow rate of coating cycle, thickness control |
Sputtering | Better crystallinity and control on deposition rate | Produce multiple phases, high operational cost |
Electro deposition screen printing | Atmospheric temperature deposition, low-cost method | Process optimization is difficult |
Spray coating | Low cost, high throughput, scalable | During spray coating precursor material wastage |
Spin coating | Easy operation, film uniformity (lab scale), low cost, | More material wastage, no uniformity over a large area, roll to roll incompatible |
Doctor’s blade | Roll to roll compatible, less material wastage, better stoichiometric control | Accumulation due to slow solvent evaporation |
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) | Useful for phase segregation and defect studies, because of ultra-high vacuum deposition, minimum contamination | No report on large area deposition and high efficiency |
MOCVD | Growth rate is faster than MBE, useful for basic studies | No report on large area growth, not suitable for industrial processes, process is not abrupt as MBE |
Electron beam deposition | Film purity and good stoichiometry | No report on large area deposition, incompatible with industrial processes. |
Pulsed laser deposition | Binary phase can be neglected, good stoichiometric, target composition can be transferred to films, binary phase can be avoided, | Not suitable for large area, no report on large area, stoichiometric |
Inkjet printing | compatible with roll to roll technology, mask less patterning simplifies processing steps, | Low efficiency |
Type of Biosensors | Classification | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
Electrochemical biosensors | Impedimetric; Conductometric; Potentiometric; Amperometric; | Good resolution, excellent accuracy, repeatability | Susceptible to the temperature changing, short shelf life |
Optical biosensors | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | High sensitivity, remote controllable | Costly, fragile |
Acoustic wave biosensors | Mass based | Highly sensitive to minor mass changes, detection of molecules that do not have electrically conducting property nor optical signal (e.g., virus) | Fragile, mechanically unstable |
Analyte | Technique | Biosensor | Lod/Sensitivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
SEB | SPR | Immunoassay | 0.50 ng/mL | [146] |
CEA | SPR | Immunoassay | 0.50 ng/mL | [147] |
Salmonella | SPR | DNA | 0.50 nM | [148] |
TNF-α | SPR | DNA | 0.68 pM | [149] |
Hunan IgE | SPR | DNA | 2.0 nM | [150] |
Urea | SPR | Enzyme | 10−4–10−1 M | [151] |
Pesticide | SPR | Enzyme | - | [152] |
RBL-2H3 | SPR | Cell | - | [153] |
Peripheral-B | SPR | Cell | - | [154] |
DNP-HSA | SPR | Cell | - | [153] |
HEK-293 | SPR | Cell | - | [155] |
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Singh, S.; Singh, P.K.; Umar, A.; Lohia, P.; Albargi, H.; Castañeda, L.; Dwivedi, D.K. 2D Nanomaterial-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Biosensing Applications. Micromachines 2020, 11, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11080779
Singh S, Singh PK, Umar A, Lohia P, Albargi H, Castañeda L, Dwivedi DK. 2D Nanomaterial-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Biosensing Applications. Micromachines. 2020; 11(8):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11080779
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Sachin, Pravin Kumar Singh, Ahmad Umar, Pooja Lohia, Hasan Albargi, L. Castañeda, and D. K. Dwivedi. 2020. "2D Nanomaterial-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Biosensing Applications" Micromachines 11, no. 8: 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11080779