Advanced Neural Functional Imaging in C. elegans Using Lab-on-a-Chip Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neuronal Function Studies in C. elegans with Calcium Imaging Techniques
3. Advances in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology for Neural Imaging Systems in C. elegans
3.1. Chemosensation
3.2. Mechanosensation
3.3. Thermosensation
3.4. Photosensation
3.5. Magnetosensation
3.6. Multimodal Sensation
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Modality | Principle | Target Neurons | Applications | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemosensation | -Trap a worm in the channel -Switch flow using two-sided channels | ASH | -Automated microfluidic platform -Age-dependent ASH neuronal responses | Chronis et al., 2007 [36]; Chokshi et al., 2010 [37] |
-Utilize a multi-well plate-to-biochip interface and a microfluid-coupled imaging module. | ASH | -Measure lifespan-extending effects on ASH function -Screen FDA-approved compounds and validate targets | Bazopoulou et al., 2017 [38] | |
-Immobilize and position a worm in the channel -Deliver pulses of single and mixed odorant solutions | 11 pairs of amphid chemosensory neurons | -Simultaneously record 11 neuronal responses using volumetric imaging | Lin et al., 2023 [39] | |
-Sequentially deliver multiple chemical cues at millisecond intervals using a pressure-driven chemical selector network | ASH, AWC | -Observe neuronal habituation -Monitor neuronal responses to higher stimulation frequencies with multiple chemical cues | Rouse et al., 2018 [40] | |
-Employ a two-layer system for immobilization (bottom) and gas flow (top) | URX, BAG | -Identify URX and BAG neuron roles in O2 sensing -Investigate the involvement of soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs) in O2 sensing | Zimmer et al., 2009 [41] | |
-Fix worms using a gas-activated microvalve -Switch gas stimulation via a two-phase laminar flow. | URX, BAG, ASH | -Monitor neuronal responses to non-polar (O2, CO2) and polar (1-octanol) gaseous stimuli | Hu et al., 2015. 2016 [42,43] | |
-Inject nitrogen gas into a chip for rapid and repetitive immobilization by surface dehydration | URX | -Monitor URX activity relative to oxygen levels | Wang et al., 2017 [44] | |
Mechanosensation | -Use pneumatic PDMS actuators to deliver controlled mechanical stimuli -Automate imaging by streamlining worm handling | Six touch neurons, PVD | -Monitor habituated neuronal responses to the repeated mechanical stimuli -Examine the feasibility of drug screening based on neuronal activity using an orphan ligand library | Cho et al., 2017 [45] |
-Use pneumatic PDMS actuators to deliver controlled mechanical stimuli | Six touch neurons | -Monitor touch neuron responses to various stimulus patterns (e.g., step, ramp, and buzz stimulus) | Nekimken et al., 2017 [46] | |
-Miniaturizing PDMS actuators for developing worms (L2) | Six touch neurons, PVD | - Investigate the effect of a sleep-like state on neuronal circuit activity to mechanical stimuli | Cho et al., 2018 [47] | |
Thermosensation | -Rapidly switch two difference temperature streams to deliver acute temperature stimuli (e.g., cold shock) | PVD, PVC | -Monitor sensory and inter-neuronal responses to cold shock stimulus -Observe habituated or sensitized neuronal response to repeated temperature stimuli | Lee et al., 2024 [48] |
Magnetosensation | -Immobilize worms with a valve layer -Deliver magnetic stimuli using a magnet | AFD | -Observe AFD neuron responses to Earth-strength magnetic fields -Identify the role of the cGMP-gated ion channel TAX-4 in AFD magnetosensation | Vidal-Gadea et al., 2015 [49] |
Multimodal Sensation | -Control mechanical and chemical stimuli with precise spatiotemporal and intensity patterns -Using pneumatic PDMS actuators for mechanical stimuli and flow switching for chemical stimuli | ASH, AVA, PVC | -Observe same and cross-modal sensitization at the neuronal level -Investigate the effects of Neuromodulators on PVC interneuron cross-modal Sensitization | Cho et al., 2020 [50] |
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Kwon, Y.; Kim, J.; Son, Y.B.; Lee, S.A.; Choi, S.S.; Cho, Y. Advanced Neural Functional Imaging in C. elegans Using Lab-on-a-Chip Technology. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081027
Kwon Y, Kim J, Son YB, Lee SA, Choi SS, Cho Y. Advanced Neural Functional Imaging in C. elegans Using Lab-on-a-Chip Technology. Micromachines. 2024; 15(8):1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081027
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Youngeun, Jihye Kim, Ye Bin Son, Sol Ah Lee, Shin Sik Choi, and Yongmin Cho. 2024. "Advanced Neural Functional Imaging in C. elegans Using Lab-on-a-Chip Technology" Micromachines 15, no. 8: 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081027