Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Penile Cancer: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. DSLNB in Nodal Staging of Penile Cancer
3.2. Minimally Invasive ILND for Nodal Staging of Penile Cancer
3.3. Minimally Invasive Management of Nodal Metastasis in Penile Cancer
Study | Intervention | Number of Patients | Clinical Nodal Stage | Lymph Node Yield/Groin | Nodal Recurrence/Groin | Operative Time (min) | Hospital Stay (days) | Lymphocele | Infection | Skin Dehiscence and Necrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singh et al., 2018 [33] | Open ILND | 100 | 61% N0 24% N1 15% N2 | 12.5 (10.5–14.3) | None (med. follow-up: 40 months) | 60 (55–70) | 4 (3–5) | 55% | 17% | 36% |
VEIL | 51 | 66.7% N0 19.6% N1 13.7% N2 | 13 (11–14.5) | None (med. follow-up: 41 months) | 75 (70–84.8) | 3 (3–3.8) | 49% | 7.8% | 11% | |
Thyavihally et al., 2021 [29] 1 | Open ILND | 32 | 21.9% N0 50% N1 28.1% N2 | 10.5 (7–16) | 9.3% (med. follow-up: 51 months) | 110 (70–190) | 9.6 (5–20) | 23.7% | 42.3% | 23.7% |
VEIL | 47 | 38.3% N0 44.7% N1 17% N2 | 10 (7–18) | 4.2% (med. follow-up: 42 months) | 90 (50–140) | 6.1 (4–12) | 20.4% | 8% | 0% | |
Shao et al., 2022 [35] | Open ILND | 69 | 30% N0 20% N1 50% N2 | 7.39 ± 3.9 | Not reported | 65 ± 29.4 | 13.9 ± 10.09 | 13% | 6.5% | 2% |
VEIL | 40 | 17% N0 20% N1 63% N2 | 6.7 ± 3.6 | Not reported | 60 ± 22.8 | 8.9 ± 7.9 | 13.8% | 2.5% | 1% | |
Yadav et al., 2018 [34] 2 | Open ILND | 29 | 76% N0 14% N1 10% N2 | 8.3 (8–9) | Not reported | 92 (74–120) | 10.2 (14–22) | 13.7% | 13.8% | 27% |
VEIL | 29 | 73% N0 17% N1 10% N2 | 7.6 (7–8) | Not reported | 163 (132–195) | 4.7 (4–8) | 10.3% | 0% | 6.8% |
4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PSCC | Penile squamous cell carcinoma |
DSLNB | Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy |
NCCN | National Comprehensive Cancer Network |
EAU | European Association of Urology |
FNA | Fine-needle aspiration |
ASCO | American Society of Clinical oncology |
ILND | Inguinal lymph node dissection |
US | Ultrasonography |
VEIL | Videoendoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy |
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Aydin, A.M.; Biben, E.; Yu, A.; Chakiryan, N.H.; Mehrazin, R.; Spiess, P.E. Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Penile Cancer: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. Cancers 2024, 16, 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172935
Aydin AM, Biben E, Yu A, Chakiryan NH, Mehrazin R, Spiess PE. Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Penile Cancer: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. Cancers. 2024; 16(17):2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172935
Chicago/Turabian StyleAydin, Ahmet Murat, Emily Biben, Alice Yu, Nicholas H. Chakiryan, Reza Mehrazin, and Philippe E. Spiess. 2024. "Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Penile Cancer: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges" Cancers 16, no. 17: 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172935