The Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil to High Quality Fuel via the Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ni, W2C and WC Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Catalyst Structures and Properties
2.1.1. XRD Results
2.1.2. XPS Results
2.1.3. Raman Results
2.1.4. H2-TPR Results
2.1.5. TEM and HRTEM Results
2.2. The Conversion of JO over Nickel–tungsten Carbide Catalysts
2.3. The Role of Ni
2.4. The Structure-activity Relationship of Nickel–tungsten Carbide Catalysts
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Raw Materials
3.2. Synthesis of the Catalysts
3.3. Catalyst Characterizations
3.4. Catalytic Performance Evaluation
3.5. Product Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalysts | Crystal Size (nm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | W | W2C | WC | |
10Ni10W/AC-900 | 16.6 | --- | --- | 24.3 |
10Ni10W/AC-700 | 14.5 | --- | 23.7 | 21.4 |
10Ni10W/AC-680 | 13.7 | 35.3 | 26.7 | 22.7 |
10Ni10W/AC-660 | 12.0 | 31.8 | 39.1 | 22.8 |
10Ni10W/AC-630 | 12.5 | 24.4 | --- | --- |
Catalysts | C (wt.%) | Ni (wt.%) | W (wt.%) | [C]/[W] a |
---|---|---|---|---|
10Ni10W/AC-900 | 79.9 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 19.5 |
10Ni10W/AC-700 | 78.9 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 21.3 |
10Ni10W/AC-680 | 79.6 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 20.9 |
10Ni10W/AC-660 | 80.9 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 18.4 |
10Ni10W/AC-630 | 81.0 | 3.5 | 5.7 | 14.2 |
Catalysts | Ni (wt.%) | W (wt.%) | [W2C]/[WC] b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10Ni10W/AC-900 | Ni | Ni2+ | WO3 | WC | W2C | W | --- |
21.4 | 78.6 | 63.8 | 36.2 | --- | --- | ||
10Ni10W/AC-700 | Ni | Ni2+ | WO3 | WC | W2C | W | 1.0 |
23.8 | 76.2 | 64.8 | 17.8 | 17.4 | --- | ||
10Ni10W/AC-680 | Ni | Ni2+ | WO3 | WC | W2C | W | 1.6 |
26.2 | 73.8 | 65.8 | 8.7 | 14.0 | 11.5 | ||
10Ni10W/AC-660 | Ni | Ni2+ | WO3 | WC | W2C | W | 2.0 |
27.2 | 72.8 | 70.3 | 4.3 | 8.5 | 16.9 | ||
10Ni10W/AC-630 | Ni | Ni2+ | WO3 | WC | W2C | W | --- |
33.3 | 66.7 | 76.8 | --- | --- | 23.2 |
Catalyst | Reactor | Raw Material | Reaction Conditions | Activity Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WO3-Pt/TiO2 | fixed-bed reactor | crude Jatropha fatty acid | T = 360 °C, P = 4 MPa, LHSV = 1.33 h−1 | A degree of deoxygenation of 86% | [57] |
NiMoLa/Al2O3 | fixed-bed reactor | jatropha oil | T = 370 °C, P = 3.5 MPa, LHSV = 0.9 h−1 | 83% conversion, 94.5% C15–18 selectivity | [58] |
NiMoS/titania | bench-top micro-reactor | jatropha oil | T = 360 °C, P = 8 MPa, WHSV = 2 h−1 | near 100% conversion, 97.2% C15–18 selectivity | [59] |
NiMoCe/Al2O3 | fixed-bed reactor | jatropha oil | T = 370 °C, P = 3.5 MPa, LHSV = 0.9 h−1 | 89% conversion, 90.0% C15-C18 selectivity | [60] |
Pt/SAPO-11 | fixed-bed flow microreactor | jatropha oil | T = 350 °C, P = 3 MPa, LHSV = 1 h−1 | 100% conversion, 75.0~80.0% C15-C18 selectivity | [61] |
Ni–W2C–WC/AC | fixed-bed reactor | jatropha oil | T = 340 °C, P = 3.0 MPa, WHSV = 55.2 h−1 | 99.7% DO rate, 94.5% C15–18 selectivity | This work |
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Zhou, K.; Du, X.; Zhou, L.; Yang, H.; Lei, X.; Zeng, Y.; Li, D.; Hu, C. The Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil to High Quality Fuel via the Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ni, W2C and WC Species. Catalysts 2021, 11, 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11040469
Zhou K, Du X, Zhou L, Yang H, Lei X, Zeng Y, Li D, Hu C. The Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil to High Quality Fuel via the Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ni, W2C and WC Species. Catalysts. 2021; 11(4):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11040469
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Keyao, Xiangze Du, Linyuan Zhou, Huiru Yang, Xiaomei Lei, Yan Zeng, Dan Li, and Changwei Hu. 2021. "The Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil to High Quality Fuel via the Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ni, W2C and WC Species" Catalysts 11, no. 4: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11040469