Catalysts

36 pages, 1435 KiB

Open AccessReview

Catalytic Properties and Structural Optimization of Solid Transesterification Catalysts to Enhance the Efficiency of Biodiesel Synthesis

by Xiangyang Li, Siwei Zhang, Xunxiang Jia, Weiji Li and Jiliang Song

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030239 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

The transition to sustainable energy has given biodiesel prominence as a renewable alternative to diesel. This review highlights the development and optimization of solid transesterification catalysts, contributing greatly to the efficiency of biodiesel synthesis. These heterogeneous catalysts are constituted of titanium-, zinc-, and [...] Read more.

The transition to sustainable energy has given biodiesel prominence as a renewable alternative to diesel. This review highlights the development and optimization of solid transesterification catalysts, contributing greatly to the efficiency of biodiesel synthesis. These heterogeneous catalysts are constituted of titanium-, zinc-, and bio-based systems and significant advantages such as reusability, thermal stability, and the ability to be synthesized from low-grade feedstocks. Recent advancements in structural optimization, with nano-structured titanium dioxide having the potential of yielding higher biodiesel production up to a yield of 96–98% within 5–7 cycles, render improved stability and catalytic performance. Several characterization techniques, such as the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed desorption, are instrumental in the characterization of these catalysts and their effective design. However, despite their substantial promise, there are still problems to be dealt with in the large-scale production, regeneration, and service life stability of these catalysts. This account collates recent innovations, analytical mechanisms, and prospective directions which elucidate the potential of solid transesterification catalysts in furthering biodiesel technology and the sustainable production of chemicals. Full article

15 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Chemistry’s Contribution to the Kamal Qureshi Protocol: Comparing Various Activating Modes, the Use of Bentonitic Clay as the Catalyst, and the Use of a Green Solvent

by Amira Jalil Fragoso-Medina, Jesús A. Hernández-Fernández, María Inés Nicolás-Vázquez, Joel Martínez, Adriana Lizbeth Rivera Espejel, María Z. Saavedra-Leos, Francisco Javier Pérez Flores and René Miranda Ruvalcaba

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030238 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

After attending both the “Decade to Educate in the Sustainable Development and the Agenda 30 of the UNESCO” and the “ACS GCI Pharmaceutical Roundtable”, which focused on sustainable chemistry, in this article, a green chemistry contribution to the Kamal Qureshi protocol is offered; [...] Read more.

After attending both the “Decade to Educate in the Sustainable Development and the Agenda 30 of the UNESCO” and the “ACS GCI Pharmaceutical Roundtable”, which focused on sustainable chemistry, in this article, a green chemistry contribution to the Kamal Qureshi protocol is offered; thus, DIM^® and several of its analogs (3,3′-diindolylmethanes) were suitably produced under the green chemistry protocol. In the first stage, the substrate indol-3-yl carbinol was evaluated using mechanochemistry (the best mode) in comparison to other activating methods (near-infrared and microwave electromagnetic irradiation and ultrasound), wishing to highlight the employment of both TAFF^®, an excellent and well-characterized natural catalyst (bentonitic clay), and acetone, a green solvent, in addition to the analysis of the procedures in real-time. In the second stage, the mechanochemical methodology was extended to produce a set of fifteen DIMs, in the last stage, the use of a green metric exhibited the greenness of the approach, with it being important to highlight that, to our knowledge, after a search in the literature, this is the first time that the process has been evaluated to demonstrate its greenness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanochemistry and Mechanocatalysis)

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35 pages, 5561 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Electrocatalysts in the Electrochemical Conversion of CO₂ into Multi-Carbon Products (C₂₊): A Review

by Khalid A. Alkhuzai, Shaikh Hasibul Majid, Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh and Hossein Esmaeili

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030237 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ gasses into renewable fuels (e.g., ethylene, ethanol, and propanol) has attracted much attention. In this process, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in accelerating the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) process. In this [...] Read more.

In recent years, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ gasses into renewable fuels (e.g., ethylene, ethanol, and propanol) has attracted much attention. In this process, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in accelerating the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) process. In this review, the role of electrocatalysts in the synthesis of C₂₊ products (e.g., ethanol, ethylene, and propanol) from CO₂ was investigated. To this end, various classifications of electrocatalysts such as metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), carbon-based electrocatalysts, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their utilization in CO₂ conversion into C₂₊ chemicals were fully investigated. Also, the impact of various factors such as catalyst stability, temperature, membrane type, pressure, current density, pH, and the type of electrolyte on the CO₂RR process to generate C₂₊ valuable products was investigated. Moreover, the mechanism of this process for producing renewable fuels was investigated. Furthermore, the limitations and future perspective of CO₂RR were surveyed. Finally, the industrial application of this process for producing value-added products was investigated. Based on our investigation, Cu and Cu₂O-based electrocatalysts are suitable catalysts for C₂₊ products, particularly ethylene and ethanol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development of Electrocatalysis for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide)

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48 pages, 4374 KiB

Open AccessReview

Catalytic Applications of Natural Iron Oxides and Hydroxides: A Review

by Adriana Jiménez-Vázquez, Raciel Jaimes-López, Carlos Mario Morales-Bautista, Samuel Pérez-Rodríguez, Yadira Gochi-Ponce and Luis Alberto Estudillo-Wong

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030236 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Iron oxides and hydroxides (Fe-OH) extracted from natural sources have garnered significant attention for their diverse catalytic applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the catalytic potential of naturally occurring Fe-OH, focusing on the influence of natural sources and preparation methods on [...] Read more.

Iron oxides and hydroxides (Fe-OH) extracted from natural sources have garnered significant attention for their diverse catalytic applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the catalytic potential of naturally occurring Fe-OH, focusing on the influence of natural sources and preparation methods on their morphological characteristics and application in heterogeneous catalysis. The unique physicochemical properties of these catalysts, including their high surface area, redox activity, and tunable surface chemistry, make them promising candidates for various catalytic processes. The review discusses key catalytic reactions facilitated by natural Fe-OH, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electrochemical applications, catalytic cracking, and biodiesel production. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements and challenges in utilizing these materials as heterogeneous catalysts. By presenting an analysis of the catalytic potential of natural iron oxides, this review aims to stimulate further research about the use of these materials, which are widely distributed in the Earth’s crust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Energy Conversion and Catalytic Environmental Purification)

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15 pages, 4537 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Construction of a Cofactor Self-Sufficient Enzyme Cascade System Coupled with Microenvironmental Engineering for Efficient Biosynthesis of Tetrahydrofolate and Its Derivative of L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate

by Ziting Yan, Lisha Qin, Ruirui Qin, Xin Wang and Kequan Chen

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030235 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Tetrahydrofolate (THF), the biologically active form of folate, serves as a crucial carrier of one-carbon units essential for synthesizing cellular components such as amino acids and purine nucleotides in vivo. It also acts as an important precursor for the production of pharmaceuticals, including [...] Read more.

Tetrahydrofolate (THF), the biologically active form of folate, serves as a crucial carrier of one-carbon units essential for synthesizing cellular components such as amino acids and purine nucleotides in vivo. It also acts as an important precursor for the production of pharmaceuticals, including folinate and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-5-MTHF). In this study, we developed an efficient enzyme cascade system for the production tetrahydrofolate from folate, incorporating NADPH recycling, and explored its application in the synthesis of L-5-MTHF, a derivative of tetrahydrofolate. To achieve this, we first screened dihydrofolate reductases (DHFRs) from various organisms, identifying SmDHFR from Serratia marcescens as the enzyme with the highest catalytic activity. We then conducted a comparative analysis of formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) from different sources, successfully establishing an NADPH recycling system. To further enhance biocatalytic efficiency, we optimized key reaction parameters, including temperature, pH, enzyme ratio, and substrate concentration. To address the challenge of pH mismatch in dual-enzyme reactions, we employed an enzymatic microenvironment regulation strategy. This involved covalently conjugating SmDHFR with a superfolder green fluorescent protein mutant carrying 30 surface negative charges (−30sfGFP), using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system. This modification resulted in a 2.16-fold increase in tetrahydrofolate production, achieving a final yield of 4223.4 µM. Finally, we extended the application of this tetrahydrofolate synthesis system to establish an enzyme cascade for L-5-MTHF production with NADH recycling. By incorporating methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), we successfully produced 389.8 μM of L-5-MTHF from folate and formaldehyde. This work provides a novel and efficient pathway for the biosynthesis of L-5-MTHF and highlights the potential of enzyme cascade systems in the production of tetrahydrofolate-derived compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Engineering—the Core of Biocatalysis)

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22 pages, 6467 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Research on the Anti-Poisoning Catalysts in the Catalytic Oxidation of VOCs: A Review

by Longfei Wang, Chun Huang, Ziting Gao, Bing Cui, Mingqin Zhao, Menglan Xiao and Xiaolin Yu

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030234 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries have serious damage to human health and the environment. Catalytic oxidation is a promising method to eliminate air pollution due to its high efficiency, wide application range, and environmental friendliness. However, in the [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries have serious damage to human health and the environment. Catalytic oxidation is a promising method to eliminate air pollution due to its high efficiency, wide application range, and environmental friendliness. However, in the actual industrial environment, the composition of industrial exhaust gases is complex, including VOCs, water vapour, chloride, sulfide and so on. The impurities would have competitive adsorption with reactants or react with the active sites, leading to the decline of catalytic activity, even the deactivation of catalysts. Therefore, this review summarises the recent research on the anti-poisoning ability of catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs, primarily focusing on the effect of water vapour, chloride, and sulfide. The catalytic oxidation mechanism manifested that the adsorption and activation of reactants are significant in VOCs degradation. On this basis, the mechanism of catalyst poisoning was analysed, and the inhibitory effect of impurities on the oxidation reaction was elucidated. According to the research status, three anti-poisoning strategies are proposed, including building a bimetallic system, modifying supports, and establishing the protected coating. This work provides a theoretical foundation and reference point for the rational construction of anti-poisoning catalysts in VOCs elimination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalyst Immobilization)

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18 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Elimination of N-Chloropiperidine in Aqueous Solution by Using Ni/NiO-C₃N₄ Under Visible Light Illumination

by Tahani M. Bawazeer, Amal A. Atran, Fatmah M. Alkhatib and Mohamed S. Hamdy

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030233 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

One of the main challenges in environmental remediation is the creation of stable and effective photocatalysts to eliminate organic contaminants when exposed to visible light. For the degradation of N-chloropiperidine, a persistent organic pollutant with multiple dangerous issues, we provide the synthesis, characterization, [...] Read more.

One of the main challenges in environmental remediation is the creation of stable and effective photocatalysts to eliminate organic contaminants when exposed to visible light. For the degradation of N-chloropiperidine, a persistent organic pollutant with multiple dangerous issues, we provide the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic evaluation of a Ni/NiO-incorporating carbon nitride (Ni/NiO-C₃N₄) composite in this work. The Ni/NiO-C₃N₄ photocatalyst was created by a single step of thermally polymerizing nickel nitrate and melamine. Four samples are ranged in Ni concentration from 0% to 10%. The coexistence of the Ni and NiO phases was confirmed by structural and morphological analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV−Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) also demonstrated an enhanced capacity to absorb visible light. A study of photocatalytic performance under visible light illumination showed that the Ni/NiO-C₃N₄ composite degraded N-chloropiperidine at a much faster rate than either pure carbon nitride (0.0231 min⁻¹), with a first-order rate constant of 0.0456 min⁻¹. The reaction rate nearly quadrupled when 10% Ni was added to the C₃N₄ matrix. Furthermore, the Ni/NiO-C₃N₄ composite’s photocatalytic activity performed better than its counterparts Ni-C₃N₄ (0.0315 min⁻¹) and NiO-C₃N₄ (0.0386 min⁻¹). The synergistic interaction between Ni and NiO, which promotes effective charge separation and lowers electron–hole recombination, is responsible for the higher activity of Ni/NiO-C₃N₄, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, reusability experiments conducted over four successive cycles showed a slight decrease in activity, indicating the prepared samples are stable and reusable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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3 pages, 132 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Advances in Chemoenzymatic Synthesis

by Giovanna Speranza and Teodora Bavaro

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030232 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

The field of chemoenzymatic synthesis is rapidly evolving, offering innovative solutions for sustainable and efficient chemical production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Chemoenzymatic Synthesis)

18 pages, 3305 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Controllable Synthesis of Ultrafine Ag NPs/Functionalized Graphene-Introduced TiO₂ Mesoporous Hollow Nanofibers by Coaxial Electrospinning for Photocatalytic Oxidation of CO

by Tianwei Dou, Yangyang Zhu, Zhanyu Chu, Zhijun Li, Lei Sun and Liqiang Jing

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030231 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Solar-driven catalytic oxidation processes for the removal of toxic gaseous pollutants have attracted considerable scientific attention, and there is a strong desire to improve the mass transfer, photogenerated charge separation, and O₂ activation by regulating the structure of the photocatalyst. Initially, functionalized [...] Read more.

Solar-driven catalytic oxidation processes for the removal of toxic gaseous pollutants have attracted considerable scientific attention, and there is a strong desire to improve the mass transfer, photogenerated charge separation, and O₂ activation by regulating the structure of the photocatalyst. Initially, functionalized graphene–TiO₂ mesoporous hollow nanofibers have been controllably fabricated by a coaxial electrospinning technique, in which functionalized graphene is controllably prepared through a sequential diazonium functionalization and silane modification and ensures its uniform distribution among TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs). Subsequently, the ultrafine Ag NPs are primarily anchored onto the surface of graphene by an in situ frozen photodeposition strategy, producing Ag/functionalized graphene–TiO₂ mesoporous hollow nanofibers (Ag/SiG-TO MPHNFs). The optimal Ag/SiG-TO MPHNFs exhibit 3.9-fold and 4.6-fold enhancements in CO photooxidation compared with TO MPHNFs and P25 TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photoactivity can be attributed to three factors: the creation of the mesoporous hollow structure accelerates mass transfer, the incorporation of graphene facilitates the transfer of photogenerated electrons from TiO₂ to graphene, and the anchoring of Ag NPs improves O₂ activation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue TiO₂ Photocatalysts: Design, Optimization and Application)

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19 pages, 5496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boosting PMS Activation Through Fe₃S₄/WO₃: The Essential Impact of W_X and S_X on Catalyst Activity and Regeneration Fe Active Sites for Efficient Pollutant Removal

by Zhao Wang, Jawad Ali, Ajmal Shahzad, Yanan Chen, Haiqing Ma, Qiao Huang, Lei Xie and Futang Xing

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030230 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Fe-based heterogeneous catalytic advanced oxidation processes show great potential for treating wastewater. However, catalyst instability often hinders their practical use, mainly due to the slow regeneration of Fe²⁺ sites. Herein, we developed a Fe₃S₄/WO₃ catalyst, where the [...] Read more.

Fe-based heterogeneous catalytic advanced oxidation processes show great potential for treating wastewater. However, catalyst instability often hinders their practical use, mainly due to the slow regeneration of Fe²⁺ sites. Herein, we developed a Fe₃S₄/WO₃ catalyst, where the electron-rich Wx and Sx sites promoted efficient electron transfer, enabling continuous regeneration of Fe²⁺ active sites on the catalyst surface. The Fe₃S₄/WO₃ catalyst exhibited outstanding degradation efficiency for tetracycline (TC) in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system, achieving a 92.5% removal efficiency, significantly higher than its individual components of Fe₃S₄ (52.8%), WO₃ (43.1%), and WS₂ (53.2%). Moreover, the Fe₃S₄/WO₃/PMS system demonstrated a broad operational pH range (3.0–9.0), excellent degradation efficiency for various emerging pollutants, minimal interference from background electrolytes and organic matter, and strong stability in real water treatment. Chemical scavenger tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed that the oxidative degradation of TC was driven by multiple reactive species, including SO₄^•−, ^•OH, ^•O₂⁻, and ¹O₂. This study provides a novel strategy for regulating active sites in Fe-based catalysts to ensure sustained performance, offering a pathway for the rational design of next-generation Fenton-like catalysts for efficient and sustainable micropollutant removal from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catalysis for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Remediation)

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16 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bi₂Te₃/SrTiO₃ Nanocomposite for Enhanced CO₂ Photoreduction via a Synergistic Photothermoelectric Effect

by Shuchen Xing, Guiming Ba, Congyu Qin, Huilin Hu, Jinhua Ye and Defa Wang

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030229 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

The efficiency of CO₂ photoreduction is often limited by the low reactivity of CO₂ molecules and the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in most of the photocatalysts developed so far. In this study, we report a newly developed p-type Bi [...] Read more.

The efficiency of CO₂ photoreduction is often limited by the low reactivity of CO₂ molecules and the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in most of the photocatalysts developed so far. In this study, we report a newly developed p-type Bi₂Te₃/SrTiO₃ (pBT/STO) nanocomposite for efficient CO₂ photoreduction. Upon light irradiation, the thermoelectric pBT with a strong light absorption capacity generates the photothermal effect favoring the activation of CO₂ molecules. Meanwhile, a temperature gradient formed in pBT induces a thermoelectric field via the Seebeck effect, which promotes the charge carriers’ separation/transfer. In addition, the excellent electric conductivity and large work function render pBT an efficient cocatalyst for further improving the charge carriers’ separation/transfer. Owing to the synergistic photothermoelectric (PTE) effect on activation of CO₂ molecules and promotion of charge separation/transfer, the efficiency of CO₂ photoreduction over pBT/STO is significantly enhanced. We achieve the highest CO evolution rate of 28.0 μmol·g_cat⁻¹·h⁻¹ over the optimal pBT(3)/STO, which is 12.8 times that of pure STO. This work suggests that a thermoelectric material and a semiconductor can be incorporated into a nanocomposite system for efficient CO₂ reduction via the synergistic photothermoelectric effect on activating the CO₂ molecules and promoting the charge carriers’ separation/transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)

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12 pages, 3046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Exploration of the Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of S-Doped Bi₄O₅Br₂

by Gaihui Liu, Huihui Shi, Nan Dong, Xinrui Cao, Xuan Gao, Suqin Xue and Fuchun Zhang

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030228 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

At present, many research studies have explored the modification of Bi₄O₅Br₂, but relatively few have focused on non-metallic doping. In particular, the effect of S doping on its photocatalytic mechanism remains unclear. Hence, this study systematically investigates [...] Read more.

At present, many research studies have explored the modification of Bi₄O₅Br₂, but relatively few have focused on non-metallic doping. In particular, the effect of S doping on its photocatalytic mechanism remains unclear. Hence, this study systematically investigates the modulation mechanism of the electronic structure and optical properties of Bi₄O₅Br₂ by doped S using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculated results indicate that the Br4Br1 model, in which S replaces Br at sites 4 and 1, is the most thermodynamically stable configuration. Comparing the models before and after doping, it is found that S doping significantly alters the lattice parameters of Bi₄O₅Br₂, thus affecting its electronic structure. Furthermore, differential charge density calculations reveal that S doping improves the charge transfer capability and enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs in Bi₄O₅Br₂. Calculated absorption spectra demonstrate that S doping augments the light absorption of Bi₄O₅Br₂ in the low- and medium-energy regions. Moreover, the dielectric function calculations further validate the effect of S doping on the optical properties of Bi₄O₅Br₂. Specifically, there is an increase in polarization and energy loss in the low-energy region, with the opposite trend in the middle- and high-energy regions. Overall, S doping elevated the light absorption capacity and charge transfer efficiency of Bi₄O₅Br₂ by altering its lattice parameter and electronic structure, which facilitated the enhancement of photocatalytic performance. This study provides new insights into the development of efficient photocatalytic materials and broadens the potential of Bi₄O₅Br₂ for photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Photocatalysis)

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32 pages, 3708 KiB

Open AccessReview

Catalysis in Biofuel Production and Biomass Valorization: Trends, Challenges, and Innovations Through a Bibliometric Analysis

by Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, Tharaa M. Alzghoul, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu and Dia Eddin Nassani

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030227 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Biomass valorization and biofuel production are essential strategies for converting renewable organic materials into sustainable energy, addressing the urgent need for alternatives to fossil fuels. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 1657 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 [...] Read more.

Biomass valorization and biofuel production are essential strategies for converting renewable organic materials into sustainable energy, addressing the urgent need for alternatives to fossil fuels. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 1657 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to December 2024, revealing significant trends in this field. The number of published articles reached 318 in 2024, peaking at 163 articles in 2020, which garnered 7302 citations, indicating robust global interest. China leads the research landscape with 550 publications and 17,577 citations, followed by the United States with 160 publications and 9359 citations. Key journals include “ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering” and “Chemsuschem”, highlighting important contributions to the field. The analysis identifies four clusters: the role of lignin and heterogeneous catalysis in biomass conversion; pyrolysis and waste valorization techniques; key chemical intermediates from biomass; and advanced reactions like hydrogenolysis for enhancing product value. The study emphasizes the need for innovative strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration to improve biomass utilization and biofuel production. Future research should focus on developing integrated systems that promote a circular economy, optimize reaction conditions, and explore new biomass feedstocks. Overall, this research significantly advances the understanding of biomass conversion processes and supports the transition to renewable energy solutions, underscoring the critical role of biomass in achieving sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Processes in Biofuel Production and Biomass Valorization, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 8108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chromium Precursor on the Catalytic Behavior of Chromium Oxide Catalysts in Oxidative Propane and Isobutane Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide

by Marina A. Tedeeva, Mikhail Yu. Mashkin, Vladimir L. Baybursky, Petr V. Pribytkov, Elena V. Murashova, Konstantin B. Kalmykov, Anastasiya A. Shesterkina, Gennady I. Kapustin, Olga P. Tkachenko, Sergey F. Dunaev, Leonid M. Kustov and Alexander L. Kustov

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030226 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

A series of 5 wt.% Cr/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared through incipient wet impregnation using different chromium salts as a source of Cr (chromium (III) sulfate, acetylacetonate, nitrate, ammonium dichromate). The obtained catalysts were characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, DRIFT-CD₃CN spectroscopy, UV-VIS [...] Read more.

A series of 5 wt.% Cr/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared through incipient wet impregnation using different chromium salts as a source of Cr (chromium (III) sulfate, acetylacetonate, nitrate, ammonium dichromate). The obtained catalysts were characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, DRIFT-CD₃CN spectroscopy, UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and the N₂ low-temperature adsorption–desorption technique. The catalysts were tested in propane, and isobutane dehydrogenation assisted with CO₂ at 600–750 °C. The highest activity in propane dehydrogenation was observed for the catalyst obtained from chromium acetylacetonate, the yield of propylene was 32% at 750 °C, and in the isobutane dehydrogenation reaction, the catalyst obtained from chromium sulfate was the best one; the yield of isobutene was ~30% at 600 °C. The obtained results show that the type of chromium precursor has a significant effect on the efficiency of the catalyst in the propane and isobutane dehydrogenation with CO₂. Full article

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17 pages, 1876 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Advancements in the Esterification of Phytosterols Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase

by Yuyang Zhang, Yan Yan, Zhiyuan Lin, Fanzhuo Kong, Xing Ni, Xue Zhang, Yani Zhao, Qiongya Lu and Bin Zou

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030225 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Phytosterol exhibits cholesterol-lowering, cardiovascular-protecting, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer efficacies but has low bioavailability due to its high melting point and poor solubility. Esterification with fatty acids enhances liposolubility, improving absorption and utilization fivefold. Industrial production of phytosterol esters mainly relies on chemical synthesis, which [...] Read more.

Phytosterol exhibits cholesterol-lowering, cardiovascular-protecting, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer efficacies but has low bioavailability due to its high melting point and poor solubility. Esterification with fatty acids enhances liposolubility, improving absorption and utilization fivefold. Industrial production of phytosterol esters mainly relies on chemical synthesis, which faces challenges in separation, purification, and quality assurance due to side reactions. Enzymatic synthesis, featuring mild conditions, environmental friendliness, and high selectivity, has gained attention from academia and industry. Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is widely utilized due to its high efficiency in catalyzing the esterification of phytosterol. Natural lipases are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and pH and are difficult to reuse in continuous cycles; however, certain immobilization techniques can improve their catalytic activity and stability. Furthermore, the application of immobilized lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters can be combined with ultrasonic treatment to enhance the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis. This paper reviews the research progress on the catalytic esterification of phytosterol by immobilized lipases, highlighting the current challenges and future research directions, thereby fostering further advancements in the field of preparing phytosterol esters through immobilized lipase catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Catalysis: Innovations and Applications in Sustainable Chemistry)

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14 pages, 2324 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Engineering Synergistic 2D/1D ReS₂-LaFeO₃ Nanohybrids for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance

by Obed Graham Keelson, Rajeev Kumar, Amit Kumar Shringi, Hazel Achieng Ouma, Pooja D. Walimbe and Fei Yan

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030224 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the synergistic properties of 2D/1D ReS₂-decorated LaFeO₃ nanohybrids, presenting a unique approach to photocatalytic dye degradation. Through facile hydrothermal synthesis, we fabricated these nanohybrids with varying ReS₂ loadings. Notably, the 5 wt% ReS₂-LaFeO₃ [...] Read more.

This study investigates the synergistic properties of 2D/1D ReS₂-decorated LaFeO₃ nanohybrids, presenting a unique approach to photocatalytic dye degradation. Through facile hydrothermal synthesis, we fabricated these nanohybrids with varying ReS₂ loadings. Notably, the 5 wt% ReS₂-LaFeO₃ nanohybrid exhibited highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) dye, achieving 82% degradation within 180 min. This enhanced performance can be attributed to synergistic effects arising from the unique 2D/1D architecture and the modified charge-transfer properties within the 2D/1D ReS₂-LaFeO₃ heterostructure. These findings demonstrate the potential of these multifunctional nanohybrids for applications in environmental remediation. Full article

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17 pages, 8345 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Organic Reaction Cascades: A Strategy for Enhanced Efficiency in Synthetic Organic Chemistry

by Heba Abuzenah, Muhammad Abdulrasheed, Auwal Eshi Sardauna, Bayan Al-Qataisheh and Musa M. Musa

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030223 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are versatile enzymes that enable the reversible reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The exceptional chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of ADHs position them as attractive catalysts for generating enantiopure alcohols, whether through deracemization of racemates or asymmetric [...] Read more.

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are versatile enzymes that enable the reversible reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The exceptional chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of ADHs position them as attractive catalysts for generating enantiopure alcohols, whether through deracemization of racemates or asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. The emergence of robust ADHs capable of functioning effectively at elevated temperatures and in high concentrations of non-aqueous media has stimulated interest in integrating ADH-catalyzed asymmetric transformations with other chemical processes in a single pot, either in a stepwise mode or simultaneously. This review presents an overview of one-pot organic transformations that combine ADH-catalyzed asymmetric reductions with additional nonenzymatic chemical reactions, demonstrating the potential for enhanced efficiency and sustainability in synthetic organic chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Catalysis and Enzyme Engineering)

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20 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances and Challenges in Catalyst Dense-Phase Packing Technology: A Review

by Zhiqiang Xu, Wenming Liu, Zhengyong Yu and Xuedong Liu

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030222 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

This review comprehensively focuses on catalyst dense-phase packing technology. It provides a systematic review of its principles, characteristics, and applications across diverse fields. A detailed comparison between dense-phase packing and traditional packing methods is presented, along with an in-depth analysis of its application [...] Read more.

This review comprehensively focuses on catalyst dense-phase packing technology. It provides a systematic review of its principles, characteristics, and applications across diverse fields. A detailed comparison between dense-phase packing and traditional packing methods is presented, along with an in-depth analysis of its application status in petrochemical, fine-chemical, and other industries. The innovative trends of this technology in packing equipment and processes, as well as the challenges and countermeasures in its application, are thoroughly discussed. The aim is to offer a comprehensive and profound reference for relevant research and industrial practices, guiding future development in this crucial area of chemical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Catalysis)

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4 pages, 149 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nanostructured Materials for Solar and Visible Light-Driven Photocatalysis

by Chiara Lo Porto, Ilaria De Pasquale and Roberto Comparelli

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030221 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Recently, ecological imbalance has emerged as a significant environmental concern, driven by the contamination of surface water from rapid industrial development and the improper disposal of household waste [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Solar and Visible Light Driven Photocatalysis)

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