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Volume 13
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10.3390/catal13020411
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Article

Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework

by
Sulieman Ibraheem Shelash Al-Hawary
1,
Razzagh Rahimpoor
2,
Abdolrasoul Rahmani
2,
Rosario Mireya Romero-Parra
3,
Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
4,
Firas Rahi Alhachami
5,
Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh
6 and
Davoud Balarak
7,*
1
Department of Business Administration, Business School, Al al-Bayt University, P.O. Box 130040, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
2
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan 7433116475, Iran
3
Department of Educational Sciences, Universidad Continental, Lima 15304, Peru
4
Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca 070701, Ecuador
5
Department of Radiology, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Ayen University, Dhi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
6
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan 7433116475, Iran
7
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020411
Submission received: 1 December 2022 / Revised: 9 February 2023 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 15 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Porous Carbon Materials)
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Abstract

Here, the magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) with a new core-shell structure was synthesized, and its sonophotocatalytic properties were evaluated for acid red 14 (AR14) degradation. Particle characterizations were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and the analysis results offered an excellent synthesis of mesoporous particles. Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe)/UV/US showed high degradation kinetics rate (0.0327 min−1) compared to sonocatalytic processes (0.0181 min−1), photocatalytic (0218 min−1), sonolysis (0.008 min−1), and photolysis (0.005 min−1). Maximum removal efficiencies of AR14 (100%) and total organic carbon (69.96%) were obtained at pH of 5, catalyst mass of 0.5 g/L, initial AR14 concentration of 50 mg/L, and ultrasound power of 36 W. Evaluation of BOD5/COD ratio during dye treatment confirmed that the sonophotocatalysis process can be useful for converting major contaminant molecules into biodegradable compounds. After recycling eight times, the prepared composite still has sonophotocatalytic degradation stability above 90% for AR14. Scavenging tests confirmed that holes (h+) and hydroxyl (•OH) were the pivotal agents in the decomposition system. Based on the results, the synthesized sample can be suggested as an excellent and promising sonophotocatalyst for the degradation of AR14 dye and its conversion into biodegradable compounds.
Keywords: sonophotocatalytic; metal-organic framework; mineralization; reusability; biodegradability sonophotocatalytic; metal-organic framework; mineralization; reusability; biodegradability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Hawary, S.I.S.; Rahimpoor, R.; Rahmani, A.; Romero-Parra, R.M.; Ramírez-Coronel, A.A.; Alhachami, F.R.; Mengelizadeh, N.; Balarak, D. Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework. Catalysts 2023, 13, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020411

AMA Style

Al-Hawary SIS, Rahimpoor R, Rahmani A, Romero-Parra RM, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Alhachami FR, Mengelizadeh N, Balarak D. Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework. Catalysts. 2023; 13(2):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020411

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Hawary, Sulieman Ibraheem Shelash, Razzagh Rahimpoor, Abdolrasoul Rahmani, Rosario Mireya Romero-Parra, Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel, Firas Rahi Alhachami, Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh, and Davoud Balarak. 2023. "Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework" Catalysts 13, no. 2: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020411

APA Style

Al-Hawary, S. I. S., Rahimpoor, R., Rahmani, A., Romero-Parra, R. M., Ramírez-Coronel, A. A., Alhachami, F. R., Mengelizadeh, N., & Balarak, D. (2023). Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework. Catalysts, 13(2), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020411

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